
^/3/ 





LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



019 635 668 n 



/ C2y3) u. s. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 
♦ AS" // t' BUREAU OF NATURALIZATION 

I '"? 'I; RICHARD K. CAMPBELL, Commissioner 



THE WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

WITH THE 

BUREAU OF NATURALIZATION 

IN THE PREPARATION 
FOR CITIZENSHIP RESPONSIBILITIES OF 
THE CANDIDATE FOR NATURALIZATION 



Extract from the Annual Report o( the Commissioner 
of Naturalization (oi the Bscal year ended June 30. 1916 




/ /-— 



K-0 



WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1917 



'131 



MAY 16 19t7 



V 



AMERICANIZATION. 

THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS AS PARTICIPANTS IN FEDKKAL ADMINISTRATION. 

In presenting this the first review of this new activity of the bureau, 
it is eminently desirable to refer to the fact that while this report 
deals with the achievements during the year it also refers to the pre- 
liminary steps in a work which has been in process of development 
and actual growth for over two years. When its full potentiality has 
been exerted it is possibly safe to assume that it will rank among the 
most far-reaching fundamental administrative activities ever 
launched by any department of the Government, dealing directly, as 
it does, individually with the citizenship of the entire body politic. 

It presents the first linking together of the American public school 
with the Federal Government for the definite object of elevating the 
average of understanding of the most neglected of all professions — 
the profession of self-government — a profession most vital to the per- 
petuation of those principles enunciated in the American Declaration 
of Independence that "All men are created equal and endoAved with 
certain inalienable rights." Only by an intelligent appreciation of 
that sovereignty embraced in self-government can the spirit of 
these words, uttered when " our fathers brought forth upon this 
continent a new Nation," be comprehended. 

Heretofore the only attention given by the public-school authori- 
ties directly to candidates for citizenship had been to the petitioners 
for naturalization. The petitioners in all instances have passed 
through the declarant stage for at least two years and have com- 
pleted the five years' residence. They are eligible for a hearing and ad- 
mission to citizenship 90 days after the petition has been made. It is 
the candidate for citizenship at this stage for whom the citizenship 
classes heretofore had been organized. Their period of probation has 
all but expired, they are about to be invested with citizenship, and 
become a part of the body politic. They represent the smaller, 
numerically, of the two classes— about 100,000 aliens a year. The 
bureau, however, presented an entirely new subject to the school 
authorities for their consideration and enrollment when it brought 
the declarant and his wife and the wife of the petitioner to their 
attention, and also when it brought the public schools to the atten- 
tion of these hundreds of thousands of seekers after the " priceless 
heritage." During the year preceding this report 247,815 alien 
friends declared under solemn oath their intention to become citizens 
of the United States and to reside permanently in this country. 
Each one of these candidates for citizenship must wait at least two 
years and ninety days before taking the final step. It is during this 
two-year period he is most receptive of influences for his Americaniza- 
tion. The wives of the declarants and petitioners represent a full 
quarter of a million of the immigrant body never previously ap- 
proached directly by our Government as prospective citizens. This 
enterprise therefore is distinctly novel, unconceived before by either 
the public or the public-school authorities and at the present time 
only comprehended in a very slight way by the general public. 

(3) 



DEPARTMENTAL DIRECTION. 

In that portion of the report of the Secretary of Labor for the 
fiscal year 1915 which was devoted to a review of the work of the 
Bureau of Naturalization an extended commendation was made of 
the development of the plans of the Bureau of Naturalization for 
linking the public schools of the United States with the bureau in a 
campaign for that great objective of the act of June 29, 1906— -the 
actual elevation of the standard of and regard for American citizen- 
ship. In his reference to this work as " constructive work " the Sec- 
retary said: 

The organic act of this bureau does not limit its operations to checking im- 
proper naturalization. By that act the bureau, operating under the direction 
and control of the Secretary of Labor, has " charge of all matters concerning 
the naturalization of aliens." Evidently constructive work with reference to 
citizenship was contemplated by Congress, and such work has been initiated by 
the bureau. 

After reviewing the number of foreigners applying for admission 
to citizenship, those admitted and those denied, the Secretary ad- 
verted to the fact that " individuals, associations, and public schools 
organized citizenship classes to teach petitioners for naturalization " 
as — 

The direct result of resistance by naturalization examiners to the admission to 
citizenship of applicants ignorant of our form of government. 

Continuing, the Secretary said: 

But during the year of this report [1915] the bureau, after conferences with 
public-school authorities, has perfected a plan by which all public schools may 
cooperate with it in educating citizenship candidates. 

After briefly describing the method by which the public schools 
and the Bureau of Naturalization had carried on this national co- 
operative work, the Secretary, following an allusion to the million 
aliens who during the preceding three years had taken steps to be- 
come citizens, said : 

Probably 75 per cent of these range all the way from fairly admissible to 
unfit candidates, but nearly all can be transformed through attendance at the 
public schools into desirable citizenship material. The value, therefore, of such 
a national movement is manifest. It benefits not only the individual candidate 
for citizenship but native-born citizens also and reacts desirably upon the entire 
civic interests of the country. That approximately three-fourths of our resi- 
dent aliens retain foreign allegiance appears from the census returns and only 
25 per cent of those admitted to citizenship annually are the most desirable. 
The condition, therefore, which confronted the Bureau of Naturalization was 
whether or not to confine itself to negative work or to endeavor to improve the 
citizenship qualities of applicants. The latter is the course preferred and now 
pursued. For this purpose the bureau has developed its plans for linking with 
it the public schools of the United States. 

These plans contemplate active support of each teacher in every class formed 
for the teaching of adults. During the first school year teachers will be re- 
quested to make notes of the subjects and courses of instruction and of their 
effect upon the pupil and to submit the results of their observations to the 
Bureau of Naturalization. When the results have been received the bureau 
will arrange them in systematic order and then call a conference at Washing- 
ton for the purpose of formulating appropriate courses of instruction based 
upon experience. 



BT7BEAU FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES. 

In the volume of Regulations of the Department of Labor, pro- 
mulgated October 15, 1915, the functions and duties of the Bureau of 
Naturalization as clearly set forth, in part, are as follows: 

The Bureau of Naturalization has administrative control, under the direction 
of the Secretary, of all matters relating to the naturalization of aliens and the 
administration of the naturalization laws. By the organic act of March 4, 1913, 
the administrative officer in charge of the Bureau of Naturalization and of the 
administration of the naturalization law is tlie Commissioner of Naturalization 
and in his absence the Deputy Commissioner of Naturalization. 

In its administration of tlie naturalization law the bureau obtains the co- 
operation of the public-school authorities throughout the United States. It 
furnishes them the names and addresses of the declarants for citizenship and 
petitioners for naturalization for the purpose of bringing these prospective 
citizens into contact at the earliest moment with the Americanizing influences 
of the public-school system and thereby contributing to the elevation of citizen- 
ship standards. By insuring comprehension of the true spirit of our institutions 
on the part of aliens admitted to citizenship the bureau may hope to make 
their acquisition serve as a strengthening influence upon the moral, social, 
political, and industrial qualities of those institutions. 

Through reports from various public schools where courses in citizenship have 
been taken by aliens seeking naturalization the bui-eau aims to disseminate 
information throughout the public-school system. It thereby acts as a clearing 
house of information on civic instruction. Svithout relaxing its efforts at exclud- 
ing unfit aliens from citizenship, it is endeavoring to stimulate preparation. 
Its ideal in this respect is to promote the attainment by aliens of such qualifica- 
tions for the citizenship they seek as will better fit them for its duties. 

The Bureau has in its archives the duplicate of all naturalization papers 
issued by all of the courts exercising naturalization jurisdiction throughout the 
United States since the Federal supervision of the naturalization law was under- 
taken. These embrace the declaration of intention, the petition for naturaliza- 
tion, and the certificate of naturalization. 

These references to the lawful functions and activities of the 
Bureau of Naturalization by the Secretary in his annual report and 
in the fiscal regulations of the department find their origin in the 
plan formulated in the bureau on April 20, 1914. This plan was based 
upon the authority conferred by Congress upon this bureau by the 
acts of June 29, 1906, and March 4, 1913. In the first act Congress 
provided a uniform rule for the naturalization of aliens throughout 
the United States, and, to accomplish this uniformity, created a 
Federal administrative bureau charged with the administration of 
this law. By the act of March 4, 1913, it declared the Commissioner 
of Naturalization or in his absence the Deputy Commissioner of Nat- 
uralization to be the Federal officer in charge of the administration of 
the naturalization laws, under the direction of the Secretary of Labor, 
and placed with the Bureau of Naturalization the charge of all mat- 
ters concerning the naturalization of aliens. 

EARLY ACTIVITIES. 

Within this broad field of authority resistance to the admission to 
citizenship of candidates Avholly unfit for that high estate was one of 
the prominent activities of the bureau in the initiation of its adminis- 
trative authority. This activity aroused pubic attention to such a 
degree on behalf of the disappointed applicants that conferences in 
their behalf were held by the bureau's field representatives with 
public-spirited individuals, public-school authorities, and members of 



6 

the Federal and State judiciary, with the result that as early as in 
1909 citizenship classes were organized. Some correspondence was 
carried on between the bureau and individuals interested in the well- 
being of the immigrant, but no definite action was taken by the 
bureau. . . 

The first of these classes reported to the bureau was organized m 
Hartford, Conn., through the conferences of the naturalization ex- 
aminers, Judge James P. Piatt, of the district court of the United 
States, and the public-school authorities of that city. Classes were 
organized later in other parts of New England, and the spirit of 
this activity extended gradually to other parts of the country. Rock 
Island, 111., being one of the earliest places where citizenship classes 
were formed. 

BKOADENISG OF POLICY. 

Discussions of this activity were held in the bureau from time to 
time, particularly in the latter part of 1913 and in the early part of 
1914, with the result that on April 20, 1914, a plan was submitted 
for dignifying in the eyes of the public the proceeding of admission 
to citizenship and placing it upon that high plane which it has al- 
ways held in the minds of those who thoroughly appreciate and value 
citizenship. The results accomplished locally through conferences 
and the formation of citizenship classes and the benefits derived 
therefrom were cited as accomplishments possible throughout the en- 
tire Nation. The elimination of the known evils attending some of 
the private organizations seeking, under the guise of instruction, to 
exploit the ignorance of the candidates for citizenship as an easy 
means for the acquisition of a lucrative income was referred to as 
one of the reforms that would follow a cooperative activity between 
the public schools, the public generally, and the Bureau of Naturali- 
zation. 

The expressions of the Executive in recognition of the highest 
principles and ideals of government both nationally and internation- 
ally and the peculiar relationship of the Bureau of Naturalization 
to these in its direct dealing with the citizenry and citizenship ideals 
were dwelt upon as justifying the inauguration of such a policy. 
It was seen that the influence of the bureau for the betterment of 
citizenship could be extended to every hamlet in the United States 
through the expansion and extension of the'influence of the naturali- 
zation laws. This plan proposed the organization of the public 
schools with the Bureau of Naturalization into an active unit for the 
development of American ideals of citizenship in the student body ; 
the assembling together on stated occasions, in the different metro- 
politan and other centers, of naturalized citizens and candidates for 
citizenship ; the conduct of patriotic exercises, including addresses, 
and singing national anthems ; and a public conferring of citizenship. 

BROADENING OF ACTIVITIES. 

CONFERENCES WITH SCHOOL OFFICIALS. 

After conferences with the Assistant Secretary of Labor upon this 
project and at his instance a representative of the bureau visited the 



cities of Chicago, St. Louis, Milwaukee, St. Paul, Minneapolis, Phila- 
delphia, and New York in the summer of 1914 and the following 
winter, held discussions and conferences with the public-school au- 
thorities, representatives of the judiciary, Government officials, busi- 
ness organizations, and others upon this proposed Nation-wide plan 
for citizenship preparedness through the Americanization of the 
resident alien body and the consequent reaction upon and stimulation 
of the interest of the native-born American in the benefits to be de- 
rived by him from that citizenship which is his by the right of 
birth. 

The proposition of a cooperative movement on the part of the 
public schools with the Bureau of Naturalization was not only heart- 
ily indorsed, but the bureau was urged by these educators to take the 
lead in this educational work so vital to citizenship and to formulate 
a course of instruction adaptable to the candidates for citizenship. 
In the conferences with the judges of the courts the presentation of 
the educational plan brought forth their unanimous indorsement and 
assurances that they would recognize the cooperation of the school 
authorities with the Bureau of Naturalization at the time the peti- 
tions for naturalization were heard by the courts for the admission 
to citizenship of the candidates. 

Concurrently with this, with the object of organizing civic classes, 
the bureau carried on correspondence directly with the authorities 
of different cities and with those interested in the subject of nat- 
uralization. Among these places where civic classes were organized 
the city of Los Angeles attained greatest prominence. 

SURVEYS OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

Following the conferences referred to, steps were perfected in 
March, 1915, for a survey of the entire country by correspondence 
and through the field officers of the bureau to ascertain the efforts 
and accomplishments of the public-school authorities in the direc- 
tion of educating foreigners over 18 years of age; what percentage 
of the foreigners were candidates for citizenship in these classes ; the 
scope of instruction offered by the public schools; and what other 
organizations were interested in the preparation of the foreigner for 
citizenship. This survey was carefully carried on throughout the 
United States by the entire Naturalization Service and continued 
uninterrupted until the inauguration of this national cooperative 
work with the opening of the school term in 1915. 

The reports disclosed many interesting situations. An isolated one 
from the superintendent of schools at Green Bay, Wis., follows: 

We have been conducting night-school classes for foreigners for the past 
three years. The first year we had about 12 foreigners enrolled, the second 
year about 32, this year the total niiniber for the year in the foreign classes was 
about 71. Out of this eni'ollment of 71 about 12 are women. These classes have 
been meeting twice a week for two hours on each night since last October, and 
are to continue until May 13. Of those enrolled all are over 18 years of age, 
with the majority ranging from IS to 32 years. About 10 of this enrollment are 
taking this work with a view to making application for citizenship. Most of 
them, however, will make use of it for that purpose, even though such is not 
their intention at the present time. We find the attendance in tlie foreign 
classes better than most night-school classes. These people evince a decided 
interest in the work and show a determined spirit to learn the English language, 
especially. as regards our customs and laws. These classes have been a source 
of great satisfaction to us. 



8 

This report is characteristic of many of those received and indi- 
cates fairly well the interest on the part of the school authorities and 
the appreciation of the foreigners in this much-needed instruction. 
The reports also showed that the larger cities had been devoting their 
attention to the education of the foreigner, probably the greatest 
activity being reported from New York City with its 1,000 classes 
comprising approximately 40,000 adult foreigners. The bureau 
learned of the existence of classes for instructing foreigners in many 
other places where, taken collectively, the instruction embraced vir- 
tually everything taught in the grammar schools and in some in- 
stances in high schools, but the actual instruction in citizenship was 
found only in approximately a score of places and in these in but its 
earliest stage of development. It was also disclosed that in many 
places classes had been organized, flourished, waned, and finally died 
for lack of sufficient support. In these places the establishment and 
maintenance of schools were assured by those connected with them if 
the Bureau of Naturalization would lend its needed Federal support. 

PHILADELPHIA EECEPTION — ^EXECUTIVE EECOGNITION, 

As a means of centralizing the interest of the public upon this pro- 
posed novel national cooperative movement, the bureau, in December, 

1914, proposed to the mayor of Philadelphia to hold the reception to 
the newly naturalized citizens in that city, which occurred May 10, 

1915, and which was honored by the presence of the President of the 
United States. Immediately preceding this reception the bureau, 
tvith the approval of the Secretary, announced in the columns of the 
press the launching of the Nation-wide cooperative educational cam- 
paign for the betterment and strengthening of the citizenship of the 
entire Nation, through the aid of the public schools, thus consummat- 
ing the first stage of the plans for the great Americanization under- 
taking to which end direct preparations had been going on for over a 
year. The public response and indorsement given to this reception 
and educational announcement were beyond all expectations of the 
bureau, 

AMERICANIZATION DAY, 1915. 

As a direct result of the address of the President, the newspaper 
publicity, and discussions by representatives of the bureau, a wave 
of patriotic sentiment was aroused which extended throughout the 
country. Immediately thereafter, in the month of May, patriotic 
and enterprising individuals proceeded to associate themselves to- 
gether in the organization of committees whose main objects were 
to maintain this newly aroused interest. Some looked to a national 
recognition of the naturalization proceedings ; others by celebrations, 
and all in A^arious ways, strove to make impressive in the eyes of the 
public the steps attendant upon naturalization. Those occupying 
positions of official responsibility, as well as others prominent in the 
industrial, religious, social, and political world, responded to the 
influence of this national wave of interest in citizenship created by 
the reception at Philadelphia. Americanization committees, led by 
the mayors or other officials, were formed in cities throughout the 
land to take some cognizance of the naturalization proceedings, 
and on the Fourth of July and from time to time thereafter, on the 



admission to citizenship of numbers of aliens in their cities, to hold 
Americanization Day receptions for the newly naturalized similar 
to the one held in Philadelphia. From the reports received by the 
bureau it is evident that these committees were thoroughly equipped 
and enthusiastic in their support of its work and carried on extensive 
campaigns of publicity. 

Posters and circular letters were sent broadcast throughout the 
country by private and Federal agencies, syndicated news articles 
were prepared by those whose interest in naturalization matters had 
been stmiulated by the Philadelphia reception and published from 
time to time in the press throughout the country. Senators, Con- 
gressmen, mayors, governors, captains of industry, and patriotic, 
labor, social, civic, and other organizations were appealed to. In- 
dividuals of the greatest prominence were enlisted in this cause both 
in speaking and writing upon this work of the bureau ; prizes were 
offered for the best presentation of literary or artistic effort ; in short, 
during the period immediately folloAving upon the reception which 
was proposed by this bureau and organized by the city of Phila- 
delphia in cooperation with the members of the bureau, the interest 
of the whole Nation was aroused in citizenship as possibly never 
before in so short a space of time in any governmental activity. 

The inspiration which the Philadelphia reception and the speech 
of the President inspired is shown by the following quotations from 
the correspondence files of the bureau : 

America does not consist of groups. A man who thinks of himself as be- 
longing to a particular national group in America has not yet become an 
American. And the man who goes among you to trade upon your nationality 
is no worthy son to live under the Stars and Stripes. 

You dreamed dreams of what America was to be and I hope you have brought 
the dreams with you. No man who does not see visions will ever realize any 
high hope or undertaking ; any high enterprise ; and just because you brought 
the dreams with you, America is more likely to realize the dreams such as you 
brought. You are enriching us if you come expecting' us to be better than 
we are. 

Continuing, the correspondence showed these celebrations were 
intended to be occasions to invite the new^ly naturalized citizens to 
be the guests of the municipalities, with public ceremonies dignifying 
naturalization generally for the first time in the history of the Nation, 
and to make July 4, 1915, a day upon which to interpret America to 
the many peoples in our land, to welcome our new citizens, translate 
to them the meaning of America, and suggest ways by which they 
can give their best to America and receive from her the guaranty of 
true American citizenship. 

The Secretary of Labor in the discussions of the purposes of this 
plan of cooperation, expressed his indorsement of them as realizing 
some of the hopes and ideals entertained by him for the Department 
of Labor at the time of its creation. 

NATION-WIDE CONFERENCES. 

So well had these efforts of the bureau yielded results that at the 
direction of the Secretary of Labor the Deputy Commissioner of 
Naturalization made a tour of the LTnited States to present its plans, 
address gatherings of educators, confer with public-school authorities 
and other prominent citizens upon the details necessary to this unified 
78482°— 17 2 



10 

action. Among the cities visited were Chicago, Cleveland, Pitts- 
burgh, Kansas City, Omaha, Denver, Salt Lake City, Los Angeles, 
Oakland, San Francisco, Portland, Oreg., Seattle, Tacoma, Spokane, 
Coeur d'Alene, Bismarck, Duluth, St. Paul, Minneapolis, Albany, 
Philadelphia, New York, Boston, and other smaller places. In these 
cities, as a result of these conferences, definite plans were matured 
which were approved by the Secretary, and the Nation-wide cooper- 
ative work announced through the columns of the public press in 
May, 1915, became a reality with the opening of the new school year. 

SCHOOL PBOBLEMS. 

It was early learned that the greatest difficulty had been ex- 
perienced in securing the enrollment of adults other than those who 
voluntarily came. Publication of notices in the press in all tongues 
inviting the alien population, posting of notices in public places, and 
appeals to racial organizations, employers of labor, labor organiza- 
tions, and others were included in the field of endeavor to secure the 
desired attendance. 

Under the wave of awakened interest renewed activity was again 
shown in these methods by many agencies, including some govern- 
mental participation. Most prominent among these were colored 
posters in many languages sent out by the Bureau of Education of the 
Department of the Interior, announcing these citizenship classes and 
advising foreigners to attend night school in order to learn English, 
become better citizens, be able to make a better living, and live better. 
While this support to the work of this bureau was sincere and 
patriotic, it was known that some more practical plan having the 
personal touch was needed to bring in the vast numbers not re- 
sponding. 

The bureau therefore undertook, first, to call upon each alien can- 
didate for citizenship, through letters personally addressed to him 
and his wife, to go to these public schools ; second, it requested the 
teachers to secure the aid of the student body in the classes for adult 
foreigners to prevail upon their fellow countrymen and friends to 
enroll; and, third, that the names and addresses of the foreign-born 
parents of the children in the public schools be availed of to send 
personal invitations to those who would be benefited by the public 
schools to attend them. It is believed that with the full development 
of these avenues of activity eA^ery alien in every community in time 
will be approached and invited to attend the public schools. 

It was reported also that the greatest difficulty, next to securing 
the enrollment of adult students, was to secure regular and continued 
attendance until some material betterment should result beyond a 
more or less crude ability to speak and write our tongue. The average 
attendance as compared with the enrollment was found to have been 
very low, especially in the largest centers. The bureau, therefore, 
advocated in its correspondence with the supporting organizations 
that prizes be offered for papers and debates upon different Ameri- 
can subjects by these students; that public recognition of citizen- 
ship be given with the presentation of certificates of graduation and 
naturalization and the award of the prizes. These were believed to 
be legitimate inducements to be offered by the public schools and the 
public generally to secure higher proficiency and larger attendance^ 



11 

It is gratifying that a very general support has been given these 
projects. 

STANDARDIZATION OF CITIZENSHIP INSTBTJCTION. 

The need of a standard course of instruction to occupy a certain 
period of time in its mastery by foreigners, including the illiterate, 
was emphasized by all, and the preparation of such a course by this 
bureau, to be printed in but one language — English — was urged by 
reason of its position of authority in all matters concerning natu- 
ralization. 

The bureau, in response to the numerous calls upon it, agreed 
to serve the public schools in meeting the public need for a stand- 
ard course of citizenship instruction. It was furnished by many 
schools with the material used in this plan of instruction, and 
therefrom complied, in small pamphlet form, as a preliminary step 
in the advance toward standardization. An Outline Course in Citi- 
zenship. Thousands of copies of this pamphlet were distributed 
for use in the citizenship classes. At their request large numbers 
of the pamphlet also were furnished for use in the day schools, in 
accordance with the recommendation of the bureau that the subject 
matter be taught in the upper graded and high schools to the young 
American boy and girl coming into citizenship responsibilities. In 
undertaking this duty the bureau regards the entire public-school 
system of the United States as a vast national committee working 
with it in the standardization of this special branch of instruction. 

This pamphlet deals elementally with the duties of citizenship in 
the city, county. State, and Nation, and has been uniformly spoken 
of as a timely publication. A prominent Federal judge, commenting 
upon the course, while recognizing the elemental character, expressed 
the belief, after some considerable questioning outside of the court 
room, that " Not 50 per cent of the native-born adult male population 
of the United States could get a 50 per cent mark on the topics sug- 
gested in tlie Outline Course." The belief has been expressed that the 
use of the Outline Course would be beneficial to the schools as well as 
to the students. Referring to the young people going through the 
public schools, particularly those in attendance upon the day schools, 
one jurist said: "They have gone to the public schools and left them 
without the slightest knowledge of the framework or method of ad- 
ministration of either the National or State Governments. They 
sometimes know the practical workings of the city government, but 
not by reason of anything that the schools taught." The need un- 
doubtedly exists for a more intimate sense of responsibility in the 
native-born citizen for our Government, and adequate instruction in 
citizenship responsibility should be established in every public school 
of the United States. If less than 50 per cent of the native-born 
adult male population of the United States can manifest a 50 per cent 
knowledge on the elements of our Government, surely such a uniform 
course should be established. 

In addition to the recognition of the demands of the public-school 
authorities for a standard course in citizenship, recommendation was 
made that there be embodied in this course some practical means by 
which the actual performance of citizenship responsibilities and 
duties might be undertaken by the prospective candidate for citizen- 
ship, and that this be carried on in such manner as to cause the public 



12 

schools to be used as community centers ; that a syllabus of the natu- 
ralization law be prepared and placed in the hands of the public- 
school teachers, together with the preliminary forms supplied by the 
bureau to foreigners to aid them in furnishing the facts necessary to 
the filing of a declaration of intention and a petition for naturaliza- 
tion. 

The requests for the preparation of a textbook by the bureau 
received during the past two years were renewed after the receipt 
by the public-school authorities of the Outline Course in Citizenship 
instruction. Accordingly requests were forwarded during March 
and April to all the superintendents of the schools engaged in this 
work to send in copies of the courses of instruction they were giving 
and any matter they were using. From the material received a course 
was partially prepared and discussed with approval at the citizen- 
ship convention. Its completion at an early time is being under- 
taken. At the convention the necessity for such a standard course 
of instruction was repeatedly asserted, and the opportunity which 
the bureau offered for the accomplishment through it by the public 
schools of a standardization of citizenship instruction was heartily 
applauded. It is hoped to have this book, together with the Outline 
Course amplified, ready for distribution to the students as a text- 
book, and to the teachers as a manual, respectively, with the opening 
of the new school year. 

Copies of the Outline Course were forwarded by the secretary of 
this department to the AVar and Navy Departments shortly after it 
was published, with the suggestion* that the course in citizenship 
might with benefit be added to the other educational work done by 
those departments. Both departments promptly expressed interest 
in the subject as desirable for the instruction of enlisted men of the 
Army and Navy, and called for hundreds of copies of the pamphlet 
for distribution to their various schools for enlisted men. Later 
many additional hundreds of copies were furnished these depart- 
ments, upon request, for distribution to the various departments of 
the Army, Army posts, naval stations, and on shipboard. 

SYLLABUS OF THE NATURALIZATION LAW. 

The bureau also has prepared a syllabus of the naturalization law, 
making it available for the public-school teachers to give advice to 
those of the school members desiring to seek naturalization, and 
placed in their hands the preliminary forms heretofore given only 
to the clerks of the naturalization courts and the individual candi- 
date for citizenship. Many thousands of these documents have been 
furnished the public-school authorities, and their free use by them 
in the classroom will work a greater individual saving of unneces- 
sary expense to the alien friend than any one other service that the 
teacher may render the prospective citizen. Notwithstanding the 
limitation previously observed in the distribution of these forms to 
the clerks of courts, large numbers of them have been constantly 
obtained by unscrupulous individuals, their main objective being to 
exact a fee, toll, or petty graft from the ignorant and unsuspectmg 
foreigners for the small amount of advice which any public-school 
teacher or disinterested American citizen would be only too glad 
to render without charge. These trifling services have been charged 



13 

for in amounts reported to range from 25 cents to $50, which the 
uninformed and unsuspecting alien must pay if he embarks upon the 
road to citizenship under the auspices of these self-serving indi- 
^ iduals. It is urged, therefore, that the public-school teachers avail 
themselves not only of the forms, but of the slight knowledge of the 
law afforded by the syllabus, and make an active use of the knowl- 
edge thus acquired in behalf of their students, and, through them, 
of their friends not enrolled in the schools. Each teacher should 
become in this manner an assistant naturalization examiner. The 
preparation and distribution of these documents in this manner was 
approved by the Secretary. 

SCHOOL EECOED CABDS. 

In order to carry into action the details of the approved plan, 
individual cards were prepared and printed for the declarants, the 
petitioners, and their wives, respectively, and one for the transferree, 
or foreigner moving from place to place, a color scheme being 
adopted to distinguish these records. These cards were furnished 
for use as the school record, and from the subject matter contained 
it will be possible to show the transformation brought about by the 
public schools. The card for the declarant is shown below. 



NATURALIZATION EDUCATIONAL RECORD 

Fonn Nat. Ed. 1 



. (City.) 

U. S. Department op Labor 

BUREAU of NATURALIZATION . 

(Name of school.) 

Name Age 

Residence Arrived in U. S 

Occupation Nationality Decln. of Int 

SCHOOL RECORD 

I 1st year fist year, nights 
Length of attendance I 
2d year 1 2d year, nighta 

Name of wife 

EDUCATIONAL RATING OF DECLARANT. 



At entrance — 

Illiterate Yes 

No 

Yes 

Reads m native language nq 

Yes 
Writes in native language No 

Previous education 

Note.— Show Well=W., Fain=F., Poor=P., None=N. 

The card for the petitioner differs only in subject matter by indi- 
cating that the alien is a petitioner for naturalization. 

The purpose of these cards in the plan proposed and used by the 
public-school authorities during the year was to show the name of 
every foreigner who had spoken for citizenship and also to provide 
a record of attendance at the school. With this record the illiterates 



Speaks English 
(See note) 

Reads English 
(See note) 

Writes English 
(See note) 


At entrance. 


End of 

1st year. 


End of 

2d year. 



























14 

can, be shown upon entering the school and the progress toward the 
eradication of illiteracy among the foreigners recorded. When these 
cards were sent out to the superintendents of schools they were re- 
quested to maintain the records and return the cards at the end of 
the school year, to enable the bureau to tabulate the information 
shown by them at that time. This was carefully done as far as the 
school facilities admitted, but the force at the disposal of the bureau 
has been insufficient to enable it to tabulate the information con- 
tained. It is hoped with the increase in the personnel requested in 
the estimates submitted to the department that the very valuable 
information which may come from these cards may be tabulated and 
shown in the next annual report. 

AID or ORGANIZATIONS EEQTJESTED. 

The plan also proposed sending letters to each candidate for citi- 
zenship and his wife inviting them to the schools, obtaining the 
services of various organizations in arousing interest in this work 
and in supporting the public schools in their endeavors to form these 
classes. These organizations included all churches, SonS and Daugh- 
ters of the American Kevolution, • Grand Army of the Eepublic, 
Spanish-American War Veterans, labor organizations, women's 
clubs, singing societies, community-center organizations, the National 
Education Association, chambers of commerce, and commercial and 
various racial or national organizations. It was believed they would 
stimulate the interest of those engaged in this work by presenting 
flags to the school and court rooms, causing libraries to open in the 
evening, providing special departments in the libraries with books 
dealing with civics and citizenship in simple language and making 
the presence of these books known, providing entertainments in 
public libraries, public schools, and elsewhere, arousing interest in 
the national anthems, illustrating governmental activities — Federal, 
State, and municipal— through motion pictures, lantern slides, and 
lectures, providing joint graduation exercises of the adult foreigners 
in the public schools and ceremonies at their admission to citizenship, 
and in other ways dignifying citizenship as it should be. 

PUBLIC EECOGNITION OF CITIZENSHIP. 

A certificate of graduation was recommended for adoption by the 
bureau for distribution to the successful candidates for citizenship 
in attendance upon the public schools, which might be presented at 
a ceremonial of graduation from the public schools at the time the 
certificate of naturalization is granted; this certificate to bear the 
signatures of officials in Washington and in the naturalization field 
service, together with those of the school authorities, as an evidence 
of distinction and honor. 

As a result of the discussions with the school authorities and mem- 
bers of the judiciary the proposition of a joint representation of the 
public schools and the Bureau of Naturalization upon the certificate 
of graduation issued by the public schools took definite form. It 
was both approved and urged upon the bureau that it perfect a 
certificate of graduation to be issued in the name of the candidate 
for citizenship by the school authorities upon his admission to citizen- 



15 

ship and at the same time that his certificate of naturalization is 
delivered to him. In a few places the certificate of the public schools 
was being urged as final evidence of the admissibility of a candidate 
for citizenship, but upon a consideration of the requirements of the 
law, as well as of the evils that undoubtedly would result from such 
a practice, it was seen that a certificate of graduation could serve no 
such purpose. Congress having placed the administrative super- 
vision of the naturalization law with this Federal agency, it can not 
delegate its authority ; nor can its authority be delegated to the edu- 
cational institutions of this country. The public schools are not 
sufficiently in touch with the candidate for citizenship, throughout 
the five-year period — except in the rarest instances — to warrant the 
issuance of a certificate carrying with it such responsibilities. Few 
of the candidates for citizenship ever attend the night schools, and a 
smaller number the day schools, while the period of attendance 
almost invariably fails to extend over the five years of residence dur- 
ing which good moral character must be established. In some cities 
certificates of graduation have been prepared by the school authori- 
ties for issuance to the adult foreign students in the night classes. 
Ceremonies and formal exercises have been observed on the occasion 
of their presentation. These exercises have been participated in by 
the judiciary, municipal officials, and public-spirited individuals and 
organizations, with the result that the naturalization proceeding has 
been correspondingly enhanced in the minds of the general public. 

CITIZENSHIP SUNDAY. 

An observance of a national citizenship Sunday by the churches 
was recommended, and a convention of the public-school authorities 
with the bureau also was embraced in the plan. Every item con- 
tained in the program had received the strongest indorsements and 
approval of the Federal and State judges having naturalization 
jurisdiction, public-school authorities, and organizations of every 
character interested in the welfare of the alien and the Nation, and 
this plan as here outlined was given departmental approval. Virtu- 
ally all of the propositions have become realities since and have 
taken their place as administrative activities of this bureau in con- 
formity with the authority conferred upon it by Congress. That the 
preparations had been made wisely and that there is substantial 
merit to this national enterprise are attested by the extent of territory 
in which in so short a time it has been undertaken and supported by 
the school authorities. 

In addition to the personal conferences referred to, and the pub- 
licity through the press, letters were sent to the superintendents of 
schools of every city and town of 4,000 inhabitants and over, inviting 
their attention to this great national need and asking their coopera- 
tion. Similar letters were sent later to all places of 2,500 population. 
Favorable responses were received from the public schools in every 
State of the Union. When it is considered that all of this work was 
of a pioneer character, both on the part of the public schools and of 
this bureau, the progress toward a unified system has been nothing 
short of marvelous. 

In some of the larger cities the plan proposed by the bureau for 
securing the attendance upon the public schools of the citizenship 



16 

candidates failed of full realization, while in cities of smaller popu- 
lation the success was complete. The greatest favor was found in 
places with a relatively small foreign community, or where the entire 
population was not so great as to lose the sense of personal guardian- 
ship of their foreign-born friends, while in others a less interested 
spirit was manifest and in still others an indifference to their pres- 
ence, well-being, and wants was found. In every community, how- 
ever, it was possible to find some sympathizers among the citizenry 
who would be willing to put their shoulders to the wheel to move 
forward the cause. 

In the larger cities and, indeed, throughout the entire country, one 
well-known condition has been again emphasized — ^the inadequacy of 
the financial support given by the local communities to the public 
schools. They should be more liberally provided with the necessary 
funds. In many communities where no provision for maintaining 
the night schools had been made the bureau, through the activities 
of its own officers, secured the financial support necessary by arous- 
ing public-spirited individuals to contribute to the public-school 
funds sufficient to admit of the establishment and maintenance of 
these classes. In others individual school-teachers and public- 
spirited men and women in various walks of life constituted a vol- 
unteer force to carry on this work of higher ideals. In the States 
where the general funds could not be availed of for this purpose, 
patriotic individuals aided the municipalities to meet the situation, 
personally providing funds to insure the opening of these classes. 

Not all of the appeals for the support of this bureau in aid of the 
public schools were from American citizens. Many came from for- 
eigners seeking an opportunity to fit themselves through education 
for citizenship responsibilities. 

The responses from churches of all denominations received by the 
bureau to its call for a national observance by them of good citizen- 
ship Sunday on July 2, 1916, are filled with expressions of gratifica- 
tion and indorsement of the efforts to engraft the spiritual element 
upon this work. The material advantages have been generally rec- 
ognized by the public as shown by the expressions of approval and 
encouragement conveyed in the resolutions adopted by many com- 
mercial bodies throughout the country. * 

LAEGE PEECENTAGE OF NONCITIZEN STUDENTS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

As a result of inquiries made of various public-school superintend- 
ents in the largest cities it has been disclosed that about 80 per cent 
of the adult foreigners in the night schools have taken no steps to- 
ward securing American citizenship. Approximately 18 per cent 
among those remaining represent those who have taken out their 
first papers and 2 per cent those who have secured their certificates 
of naturalization. These proportions vary in some cities, so that 83 
per cent, and even as high as 94 per cent, were reported as nonciti- 
zens. This would seem to call for some attention on the part of the 
local authorities, and emphasizes more clearly than any other one ele- 
ment the desirability of teaching in these classes the true spirit of 
our institutions of government. The subject of American citizenship 
should be kept constantly in the foreground in these classes, so that 
all it signifies may be brought to the attention of this too-large per- 



17 

centage of noncitizen membership of the student body. It is fair 
to assume that by following a wise and intelligent treatment of this 
subject among this larger number of foreigners a regard for Ameri- 
can ideals of government will be inspired in their minds even greater 
than that heretofore felt by their declarant and petitioner classmates. 
Virtually every immigrant landing upon these shores is a prospec- 
tive candidate for American citizenship and may be legitimately so 
regarded. He has left the ties of family, sovereignty, and nativity 
in the old country and cast his lot amongst us. His immediate wel- 
fare is being cared for under our institutions of government, with 
no immediate sense of the form of government entering into his daily 
round of activities. Those who come to the public schools are of the 
most ambitious and energetic of the alien friends. They come for 
just what their intelligence tells them they can get — the means for 
securing a better livelihood. They are ready to receive everything 
that the teacher has to give them for their betterment. They are 
ready recipients of instruction in every feature relating to America 
and American institutions. 

The teachers well may point to the source from which the student 
body is receiving this aid and arouse into activity that strong but 
latent sense of devotion to this country which will be found to exist 
throughout the entire resident-alien population of the United States. 

JXIDICIAL SUPPORT ASSXJBED. 

Among the assurances to the bureau of support in this entire edu- 
cational propaganda, those received from the judiciary were exceed- 
ingly inspiring. Throughout the extent of the land the judges have 
realized their inability to settle upon any standard of admissibility, 
either nationally or locally. There never has been any concerted 
action heretofore made for the establishment of such a standard. 
Every judge sitting in naturalization cases with whom the matter 
has been discussed, either directly or by correspondence, has given 
his unqualified assurance of support to this undertaking. They have 
expressed uniformly their sense of regret at the necessity for the 
dismissal of petitions because of lack of knowledge on the part of 
the petitioners. In many courts petitioners are no longer dismissed 
if that be the sole ground, but the petitions are deferred and the 
candidates directed to secure the aid of the public schools in advanc- 
ing their understanding of our institutions. 

As shown by the statements of the various chief examiners, these 
continuances of petitions for naturalization to later dates at the 
original hearings by the courts are increasing. This is a most sig- 
nificant recognition by the courts of the higher standard which in 
various localities the public schools are aiding the candidates to 
attain. 

This already has become the practice in cities where the public 
schools are in cooperation with the bureau and is extending rapidly 
as the adequacy of their facilities are known. In many courts 
the merest rudimentary knowledge has been accepted as the best 
that can be manifested. This is so, especially where individuals and 
certain private organizations have collected together a few facts, 
and after discussing these with the candidates have drilled them in 
making set responses to certain stereotyped questions. Yet no judge 

78482°— 17 3 



18 

believes that such an acquisition of information actually equips an 
otherwise uninformed alien to discharge the duties of American citi- 
zenship. In some localities this represents the height of develop- 
ment of public thought regarding citizenship preparation. 

PEEVAILING EVILS TO OVERCOME. 

There appear to be actual combinations in some places in restraint 
of the opening of the public school for teaching the adult foreigner. 
Nonaction by the public schools tends to strengthen and perpetuate 
just such organizations, whose sole objective is private individual gain. 
The bureau has in its files at least one instance where a practice 
appears to have grown up by which at one naturalization hearing a 
single attorney had 99 petitioners on his list. This hearing was no 
variation from the general rule, except that the number of foreign- 
ers under his control who were candidates for citizenship might have 
been less or more on that hearing day than at some others. He has 
stated that he receives from $10 to $25 from each of these foreigners, 
and it is generally known that the net pick-up of this attorney at a 
naturalization hearing ranges anywhere from $900 to $1,500, and 
yet in this community where he flourishes the public schools have not, 
for some inscrutable reason, organized classes for these foreigners. 
One particularly impressive feature of this traffic in this community 
should be mentioned — that most, if not all, of the foreigners who 
come under his influence are engaged in the mining industry. If 
these hard-working foreigners were engaged in a lucrative vocation, 
the tax of from $10 to $25 to insure their admission to citizenship 
might not be individually excessive. Such action not only does not 
inspire these individuals to apply for American citizenship but is a 
decided deterrent upon the exercise of the desire to do so, as it is 
generally understood that the runners of this individual make state- 
ments which are calculated to discourage the application for citizen- 
ship excepting through this particular route. 

It was this particular activity to which reference was made in the 
plan originally proposing this unification of effort between the public 
schools and the Bureau of Naturalization. Its elimination was be- 
lieved possible by this means, but, as stated, up to the present time 
the bureau has not been able to secure the opening of the public 
schools of that community, notwithstanding constant correspondence 
and conferences by the field examiners of the bureau. The bureau 
believes, however, that the time is very near when its efforts will 
result in the complete breaking up of this most extensive trafficking 
on the ignorance of the foreigners, as it is much encouraged by re- 
ports to it in the belief that the public schools will organize during 
the present scholastic year classes for real and actual instruction 
to displace the specious " question- and- answer " drill to enable the 
candidate to " get by." 

WIVES OF CANDIDATES FOB CITIZENSHIP. 

During the year, for the purpose of including the wife in this 
citizenship-betterment campaign by the public schools, the bureau 
wrote a special letter personally addressed to the wives of 4-9,094 
petitioners and declarants, telling them of the advantages which 



19 

would result from their attendance upon the public schools. The 
name of each wife was also sent, upon an individual card, to the 
public school in the community where the candidate lived. This 
inclusion of the wife in the scope of this activity was to enable her 
to get some conception of the meaning of an American home and aid 
her in establishing it for her family. In many cities throughout the 
country the public night schools now teach home care, sewing, cook- 
ing, and other domestic arts and sciences to the foreign-born women 
in their communities. Intense interest is manifested upon the part 
of these wives and mothers, as in many instances they bring their 
babies to the schoolroom and while they sleep the mothers devote 
their time to learning to read, speak, and write in our tongue in ad- 
dition to receiving instruction in the more domestic subjects. In 
order to insure extending this influence to the wife of every declarant 
the bureau, with the approval of the department, changed the form 
of the declaration of intention so as to require the inclusion of the 
name of the wife therein, no provision having been made for her 
name in the form as originally prepared. Approximately a quarter 
of a million women of foreign allegiance will be thus brought within 
the province of the Bureau of Naturalization through the filing of 
declarations of intention and petitions for naturalization by their 
husbands. There is a large number of the foreign element repre- 
sented by the children of the immigrants, but all of the educa- 
tional facilities which the schools of this country afford are offered 
to these children, and the bureau understands this work is being 
furthered by the Immigration Bureau of this department. This re- 
port, therefore, does not deal with the children of the immigrant in 
any sense. 

Many women's clubs and various women's organizations have ap- 
plied to the bureau to participate in furthering this work. The 
bureau has accepted all proffers of aid and in turn appealed to many 
other organizations to lend their cooperation in the extension of this 
national movement. The bureau believes that the influences which 
have been set in motion will be felt by all of the women of the resi- 
dent foreign body, as it has received the assurances of heartiest co- 
operation from all of these organizations. An appeal is therefore be- 
ing made to the wife of every foreigner who is a candidate for citi- 
zenship — through all of these agencies working in common with the 
bureau — to avail herself of the public schools, and to the public 
schools to open their doors to a wider and broader contact with the 
wife of the candidate for citizenship, and to aid in elevating her 
condition from that produced by the European environment under 
which she was born to the high plane of American intellectual 
equality in the home. 

STATE GOVERNMENTAL COOPEBATION. 

Many local State agencies have been authorized to carry on this 
work, and in some instances are in direct cooperation with the bureau 
in a greater extension of the influence of the public schools. Nota- 
ble among these may be mentioned the California Department of 
Home Education, which is working in support of this movement to 
further the education of the wives of the candidates for citizenship, 
sending its representatives to the very homes of the candidates and 



20 

taking the message of the American home to the wives of the com- 
ing Americans. 

GEOWTH OF COOPERATION. 

A general letter bearing the approval of the Secretary of Labor 
was prepared on July 20, 1915, and sent out to the superintendents 
of schools of all cities and towns of 2,-500 population and over, in- 
viting their attention to this great national need, asking their cooper- 
ation, and urging their participation in this authorized Federal ac- 
tivity. Favorable responses were received from the public schools 
of every State in the Union. Other communications were sent from 
time to time, and by August 15, 1915, 38 cities and towns had pledged 
their active cooperation with the bureau with the opening of the 
school year. This number increased to 93 by September 1, to 217 
by October 1, 290 by November 1, and rapidly thereafter to the end 
of the fiscal year, when a total of 613 had enlisted. The following 
table shows the rapid expansion of the work : 

Table XXIII. — Monthly increases in number of cities with public schools co- 
operating. 



Aug. 15, 1915. 
Sept. 1,1915. 
Sept. 15, 1915 
Oct. 1,1915.. 
Oct. 15, 1915. 
Nov. 1,1915. 
Dec. 1, 1915.. 



Total. 



38 
93 
129 
217 
246 
290 
425 



Increase. 



55 
S6 
88 
29 
44 
135 



Jan. 1,1916. 
Feb. 1, 1916. 
Mar. 1, 1916. 
Apr. 1, 1916. 
May 1, 1916. 
June 1, 1916. 
July 1, 1916. 



Total. 



457 
534 
569 
597 
610 
612 
613 



Increase. 



32 
77 
35 
28 
13 
2 
1 



While the foregoing table shows the rapid extension to new fields 
from month to month of this Nation-wide cooperation, it conveys no 
idea of the amount of individual effort by the public-school officers 
and teachers, public-spirited men and women, patriotic, commercial, 
philanthropic, and other organizations in its accomplishment. Some 
reference will be made later, therefore, to a few places where the 
activities suggest the special efforts which preceded the organization 
of citizenship classes for the adult foreigner. 

Table XXIV. — Foreign-horn white males of voting age, 1910, naturalisation 
papers filed in fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, and names furnished, by States 
and cities or towns. 



State and city or 
town. 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 

papers filed in 

county, July 

1, 1915, to June 

30, 1916. 


Names furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
born 
white. 


Total. 


Natu- 
ralized. 


Declar- 
ations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Peti- 
tion- 
ers. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


ALABAMA. 

Binninghara 


132,685 

9,019 
6,437 


5,700 

3,474 
2,250 


2,944 

2,023 
919 


1,179 

558 
186 


104 
103 


64 
78 


20 

12 
2 


23 

16 
3 


16 


ART7;0NA. 

Bisbee 


6 


Douglas 


1 



' See Bisbee. 



21 
Table XXIV. — Foreigrv-horn tohite males of voting age, 1910, etc. — Continued. 



state and city or 
town. 



Population, 1910. 



Total. 



Foreign- 
born 
white. 



Forelgn-bom white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 



Naturalization 
papers filed in 
county, July 
1, 1915, to June 
30, 1916. 



Total. 



Natu- 
ralized. 



Declar- 
ations. 



Peti- 
tions. 



Names furnished. 



Declar- 
ants. 



Peti- 
tion- 
ers. 



Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 



CALIFOENIA. 



Alameda 

Berkeley 

Colma 

Eureka 

Fresno 

Los Angeles... 

San Pedro. . . 
Oakland....... 

Ontario 

AltaLoma.. 

Chino 

Cucamonga. . 

Etiwanda... 

Guasti 

Upland 

Pomona 

Red Bluff 

Redwood City. 

Riverside 

Sacramento 

San Diego 

San Francisco . 

fian Jose 

San Mateo 

San Rafael 

Santa Barbara. 
Santa Monica.. 

Sawtelle 

The Palms . . 

Santa Rosa 

Venice 



Denver. 
Pueblo. 



CONNECTICUT. 



Ansonia 

Avon 

Bridgeport 

Bristol 

Chester 

Danbury 

Greenwich 

Hartford 

Huntington 

Manchester 

Meriden 

Middletown 

Naugatuck 

New Britain 

New Haven 

New London 

Norvvich 

Putnam 

Rockville 

Soutliington 

South Manchester . 

Stamford 

Suffleld 

Thompson ville 

Torrington 



23,383 
40, 434 

11,845 

24,892 
319, 198 

(') 
150, 174 
4,274 

(=) 
1,444 

(») 

2,384 

10, 207 

3,530 

2,442 

15,212 

44,696 

39, 578 

416,912 

28,946 

4,384 

5,934 

11,659 

7,847 

2,143 

(=) 

7,817 



213,381 
44,395 



15, 152 

1,337 

102, 054 

13, 502 

1,419 

23,502 

16, 463 

98,915 

6,545 

13,641 

32, 066 

20, 749 

12, 722 

43, 916 

133, 605 

19, 659 

28, 219 

7,280 

7,977 

6,516 

(') 

28,836 
3,841 
(=) 
16, 840 



5,555 

7,653 

(^) 

3,600 

5,445 
60,584 

C) 

36, 822 
581 

(^) 

(2) 

(*) 

(*) 

(») 

(') 
882 
373 

2,166 

8,885 
7,366 
130, 874 
5,817 
1,031 
1,747 
1,793 
1,248 
(») 

b) 

1,318 



38,941 
8,331 



5,711 
(') 

36, 180 
3,982 
C) 
5,529 
5,080 

31,243 
1,758 
5,006 
9,390 
6,398 
4,283 

18, 015 

42, 784 
4,561 
8,405 
1,780 
2,764 
1,724 
(=) 

8,872 
874 

6,064 



2,842 
3,627 

2,228 

2,487 
29,576 

(') 

19, 334 
283 

(') 

(') 

(») 

(») 

(«) 

(') 
438 
182 

C) 

1,065 

5,331 

3,845 
75, 768 

2,963 
538 
932 
877 
576 

(») 

667 
(") 



19,204 
4,777 



2,926 

(=) 

17,114 
1,985 

2,687 
2,301 
13,975 

788 
2,126 
4,346 
2,804 
2,075 
8,843 
19, 194 
1,993 
3,558 

801 
1,238 

855 

3,979 
467 

(=) 
3,003 



1,720 

2,096 

(') 

1,076 

1,006 

14,097 
(=) 

10,237 
155 

(■*} 

b) 
(») 
(») 

219 
113 

454 

2,424 

2,057 

36,375 

1,637 

338 

466 

417 

263 



376 



(») 



10, 959 
1,773 



1,131 

6,563 
695 

1,243 
784 

6,294 
340 

1,073 

2,308 

1,025 
889 

3,054 

8,628 
701 

1,456 
284 
686 
239 

(=) 

1,486 
107 

(') o 
1,198 



444 
101 



(«) 

1,149 

(») 
(') 

(10) 
(.0) 

1,001 

(10) 

(«) 
(') 
41 

(') 

(8) 

1,215 
(") 
157 
151 
52 
(«) 
(«) 

(10) 

(«) 
C) 
139 



(') 
{') 
(«) 
66 
121 
942 
(0 
377 
47 



r> 

^\ 

87 

21 

157 

126 

2,167 

77 

(») 

49 

36 

(' 

(' 

(■ 

8 

(0 



230 
55 



(') 
(') 
493 
C) 
(•) 

(10) 
(10) 

518 

(10) 

(«) 

(') 
37 

(') 

(«) 
510 

(») 
108 
43 
13 

(8) 
(«) 
(10) 

C) 
(») 

104 



31 
87 
3 
179 
81 
974 
(*) 
398 
17 
(«) 
(») 
(») 
(») 
(') 
(') 
4 
7 
7 
8 
155 
129 
2,637 
68 
15 
17 
48 
19 



307 
59 



32 



428 
21 
2 
18 
13 

384 



100 

6 

3 

100 

290 

34 

26 

5 

9 

2 

25 

55 

3 

7 

31 



14 
39 
3 
16 

57 
627 
(*) 
259 
3 
(*) 
(') 
(») 
(5) 
(») 

'\ 

3 

7 

7 

97 

48 

1,958 

26 

19 

18 

19 

12 

(«) 

7 



128 
32 



24 

1 

219 

5 

1 

13 

7 

264 



5 

63 

14 

6 

63 

122 

23 

22 

2 

9 

2 

6 

31 

5 

7 

1 



> See Oakland. 
' Figures not available. 
8 See Redwood City. 
* See Los Angeles. 



' See Ontario. 
5 See Santa Monica. 
' See New Haven. 
" See Hartford. 



» See Middletown. 
""See Bridgeport. 
"See Norwich. 



22 

Tablk XXIV. — Foreiginrborn white males of voting age, 1910, etc. — Continued- 



state and city or 
town. 



Population, 1910. 



Total. 



Foreign- 
born 
wMte. 



Foreign-born white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 



Total. 



Natu- 
ralized. 



Naturalization 

papers filed in 

county, July 

1, 1915, to June 

30, 1916. 



Declar- 
ations. 



Peti- 
tions. 



Names furnished. 



Declar- 
ants. 



Peti- 
tion- 
ers. 



CONNECTICUT — contd. 



WaUingford . 
Waterbury . . 



DELAWARE. 

Wilmington 

DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Washington 

FLORIDA. 



Jacksonville . . 
St. Augustine. 



West Tampa. 



GEORGIA. 

Atlanta 



Boise. 



ILLINOIS. 

Aurora 

Batavia 

Berwyn 

Blue Island 

Carlinville 

Chicago 

Austia 

Jefferson 

Kensington 

Chicago Heights . 

Cicero 

DeKalb 

East St. Louis... 

Galesburg 

Glencoe 

Granite City 

Herrin 

Highland Park . . 

Joliet 

Kewanee 

La Salle 

May wood 

Melrose Park . . 

Moliae 

North Chicago. . . 

Oak Park 

Peoria 

Eockford 

Rock Island 

Springfield 

Spring valley 

Waukegan 

Westville 

Woodstock 



IND14NA. 



Anderson 

East Chicago . 
Elkhart 



11,155 
73, 141 



87,411 
331, 069 



57,699 
5,494 

37, 782 
8,258 



154,839 



17,358 



29, 807 
4,436 
5,841 
8,043 
3,616 
,185,283 
(^) 
(5) 
(?) 

14,525 

14,557 

8,102 

68,547 

22.089 

i;899 

9,903 

6,861 

4,209 

34,670 

9,307 

11,537 

8,033 

4,806 

24, 199 

3,306 

19,444 

66,950 

45,401 

24,335 

51,678 

7,035 

16,069 

2,607 

4.331 



22,476 
19,098 
19,282 



3,302 
25, 498 



13,678 



24,351 



2,488 

256 

9,896 

4,357 



4,410 



2,283 



6,702 
1,256 
1,570 
1,903 

358 

781, 217 

(^) 

(^) 

(*) 

6,077 
6,072 
2,584 
9,400 
3,590 
(^) 

2,784 
1,080 

864 
10,441 
2,186 
3,442 
2,053 
2,294 
7,211 
1,325 
3,325 
8,810 
13, 828 
4,922 
6,900 
2,992 
5,624 
1,253 

658 



977 

10,295 

1,636 



1,570 
12, 463 



6,754 



11, 738 



1,308 

108 

4,407 

1,816 



2,287 



1,555 



3,566 
645 
751 
1,015 
191 
379,850 
(^) 
(^) 
(=) 

3,539 
3,196 
1,478 
5,729 
1,844 
(^) 

1,863 

565 

341 

5,877 

1,155 

1,722 

947 

1,284 

4,089 

738 

1,380 

4,661 

7,102 

2,537 

3,356 

1,536 

3,176 

720 

354 



548 
,638 
893 



563 
4,662 



2,872 



6,474 



587 

59 

919 

279 



1,011 



548 



1,795 
412 
536 
625 
147 
190,693 

(5) 
(^) 

1,135 

1,354 

637 

1,613 

1,192 

(^) 

344 

205 

120 

2,483 

617 

888 

515 

413 

2,229 

246 

934 

2,598 

4,094 

1,491 

1,940 

1,112 

1,087 

389 

217 



255 
951 
437 






200 



382 



112 



119 

(2) 



226 
(=) 
(^) 

140 
14,820 
(*) 
{^) 
(*) 
(<) 
(*) 
83 
232 
47 
(<) 
185 
91 
(«) 
153 
96 
247 
(«) 
(«) 
(8) 

(4 
166 
173 
537 
134 
13'^ 
215 
87 
67 



83 



(1) 
(}) 



196 



(^) 



38 



209 
(«) 
{') 
(<) 
141 
8,312 
(^) 
(*) 
(*) 
(^) 

75 
140 
17 
(*) 
148 
34 
(.') 
95 
63 
124 
(4) 
(0 
(?) 
(«) 
(*) 
86 
91 
351 
148 
93 
178 
68 
15 



(») 



14 
101 



156 



236 



(2) 



9,254 

(*) 

(*) 

(') 

41 

39 

6 

148 

23 

2 

18 

191 

6 

80 

34 

10 

29 



21 
51 
112 
70 
58 
28 
51 
15 
7 



52 



169 



{') 



6,132 

U) 

(«) 

(^) 

60 

82 

12 

101 

1 

2 

14 

6 

4 

63 

33 

10 

26 

(') 

91 

5 

17 

54 

80 

51 

101 

32 

59 

2 

4 



1 See New Haven. 

2 See Tampa. 
8 See Aurora. 



< See Chicago. 

' Figures not available. 

«See Waukegan. 



' See Maywood. 
8 See Rock Island. 
'See Hammond. 



23 

Table XXIV. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, etc. — Continued. 



state and city or 
town. 



Population, 1910. 



Total. 



Foreign- 
born 
white. 



Foreipn-bom white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 



Total. 



Natu- 
ralized. 



Naturalization 

papers filed in 

county, July 

1, 1915, to June 

30, 1916. 



Names furnished. 



Declar- 
ations. 



Peti- 
tions. 



Declar- 
ants. 



Peti- 
tion- 
ers. 



INDIANA — continued. 



Fort Wayne. 

Gary 

Hammond... 
Indianapolis. 

Laporte 

Logansport.. 
Mishawaka . . 
Richmond... 
South Bend. 
Whiting 



63, 
16, 
20, 
233, 
10, 
19, 

11. 

22, 
53, 



IOWA. 



Burlington... 
Cedar Falls... 
Cedar Rapids. 

Davenport 

Des Moines... 

Dubuque 

Fort Dodge... 
Mason City... 

Ottumwa 

Sioux City 



KANSAS. 



Atchison 

Kansas City . 

Pittsburg 

Topeka 



KENTUCKY. 

Louisville 



Lake Charles . 
New Orleans . 



16,429 
82,331 
14,755 
43,684 



223,928 



11,449 
339,075 



Auburn 

Augusta 

Bangor 

Bath 

Brunswick. 
Lewiston... 

Lisbon . . 

Portland . . . 
Rumford . . . 

Sanford 

'Vaterville.- 
Winthrop . . 



UABTLAND. 



Baltimore . 



MASSACHUSETTS. 



Adams — 
Amherst.., 
Arlington. 

Athol 

Attleboro. 
Belmont.. 
Beverly . . 



558,485 



13,026 
5,112 

11,187 
8,536 

16,215 
5,542 

18,650 



7,204 
8,242 
5,553 

19,767 
1,954 
1,405 
1,803 
1,173 

13,420 
2,888 



3,938 

753 

5,321 

8,101 

10,395 
6,089 
2,188 
1,508 
1,745 

10,452 



1,084 
10,344 
1,137 
4,153 



17, 436 



537 
27,686 



2,574 
2,639 
4,280 
1,315 
1,539 
9,418 
98S 
12,078 
2,634 
3,385 
2,688 



77,043 



5,097 
661 
2,758 
1,638 
4,453 
1,572 
4,661 



3,785 

5.693 

3,131 

10,407 

1,083 

777 

977 

599 

6,787 

1,715 



2,037 

356 

2,619 

4,132 

5,231 

3,220 

1,199 

823 

910 

5,781 



526 
5,710 

588 
2,123 



8,334 



287 
13,486 



1,090 

1,022 

1,883 

526 

602 

3,502 

427 

5,023 

1,280 

1,114 

1,138 



33,630 



2,042 
259 

1,157 
779 

1,919 
639 

2,174 



2,459 

1,008 

1,022 

6,088 

522 

414 

346 

320 

2,226 

463 



1,283 

261 

1,531 

2,597 

2,807 

2,281 

609 

322 

539 

2,408 



289 
2,427 

322 
1,115 



5,704 



146 
6,138 



454 
271 
610 
210 
270 

1,406 
165 

2,222 
192 
380 
454 

(«) 



16,643 



766 
83 
602 
176 
808 
275 



77 
(•) 
419 
333 
24 
73 
{') 
5 
147 
(•) 



20 
119 
104 
91 
194 
79 
69 
60 
17 
160 



10 
76 
122 
23 



16 

378 



116 
65 
90 
19 

297 
54 



890 



22 

(') 

232 

94 

18 

6 

4 
146 



82 



20 
277 



74 
54 
48 
13 

(0 
235 
19 






422 




30 

34 

45 

179 

12 

44 

2 

3 

21 

4 



11 
4 

66 
40 
107 
31 
20 
31 



82 



5 
244 



4 

24 I 



435 



57 



4 
234 



313 



>See Hammond. 
'See South Bend. 
'See Portland. 



< See Auburn. 

6 See Augusta. 

" Figures not available. 



' See Pittsfleld. 

8 See Northampton. 

9 See Cambridge. 



w See Worcester. 
>i See Fall River. 
»2 See Salem. 



24 
Table XXIV. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, etc. — Continued. 



state and city or 
town. 



Population, 1910. 



Total. 



Foreign- 
bom 
white. 



Foreign-bom white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 



Total. 



Natu- 
ralized. 



Naturalization 

papers filed in 

county, July 

1, 1915, to June 

30, 1916. 



Declar- 
ations. 



Peti- 
tions. 



Names furnished. 



Declar- 
ants 



Peti- 
tion- 
ers. 



MASSACHtrSETT3— con. 



Boston 

Allston 

Brighton 

Charlestown 

Dorchester 

East Boston 

Hyde Park 

Mattapan 

Moimt Hope... 

EosUndale 

Roxbury 

South Boston.. 

WestKoxbury. 

Bridgewater 

Brockton 

Brookline 

Cambridge 

Canton 

Chelsea 

Chicopee 

Clinton 

Cohasset 

Concord 

Dedham 

Dudley 

Easthampton 

East Weymouth. 

Everett 

Fall River 

Fitchburg 

Framingham 

Franklin 

Gardner 

Gloucester 

Greenfield 

Hanover 

Haverhill 

Hingham 

Holyoke 

Hudson 

Ipswich 

Lawrence 

Leominster 

LoweU 

Lynn 

Maiden 

Melrose 

Marlboro 

Medford 

Methuen 

MUford 

Montague 

Natick 

Needham 

New Bedford 

Newburyport 

Newton 

North Adams 

Northampton 

North Attleboro. . 

Northbridge 

North Easton 

Norwood 

Oak Bluffs 

Palmer 



670,585 
(1) 
(1) 
(') 
(1) 
(1) 

15,507 
(1) 

^^\ 
0) 
(') 
(>) 
W 

7,688 

56,878 

27, 792 

104,839 

4,797 

32, 452 

25,401 

13,075 

2,585 

6,421 

9,284 

4,267 

8,524 

33,484 

119,295 

37, 826 

12,948 

5,641 

14,699 

24,398 

10, 427 

2,326 

44,115 

4,965 

57, 730 

6,743 

5,777 

85,892 

17, 580 

106,294 

89,336 

44, 404 

15,715 

14,579 

23,150 

11,448 

13,055 

6,866 

9,866 

5,026 

96,652 

14,949 

39,806 

22,019 

19,431 

9,562 

8,807 

8,014 
1,084 
8,610 



2,130 
1,133 
1,619 

(») 
1,289 

(1) 
1,354 

• Figures not available. >> See Springfield. 
» See Boston. « See Worcester. 
» See Brockton. ' See Cambridge. 

* See Dedham. « See Northampton. 



240, 722 
(') 
(') 

^^\ 

(1) 

0) 

4,442 

(1) 

(1) 

(») 

(') 

0) 

0) 

2,317 

15,425 
8,345 

34,608 
1,156 

13,748 

10,036 
4,798 
520 
1,649 
2,718 
1,579 
3,077 
(1) 
9,607 

50,874 

13,611 
3,156 
1,504 
5,312 
7,484 
1,918 
0) 

11,153 
943 

23,238 
1,790 
2,251 

41,319 
4,875 

43, 457 

27,344 

13, 430 
3,091 
3,344 
5,l26 
4,501 
4,331 
1,936 
1,997 
1,584 

42, 625 
3,007 

11,191 
6,046 
4,880 
2,490 
3,560 
(') 
2,555 

(>^ 
3,074 



103,160 
0) 


47,791 

il! 


(') 


(») 


(') 


(0 


(1) 


W 


2,077 


905 






(1) 


(') 


(1) 


(') 


(1) 


(') 


1,623 


482 


7,033 


3,167 


2,307 


1,274 


14,636 


7,162 


489 


252 


5,883 


2,133 


4,330 


1,280 


1,916 


1,029 


217 


85 


738 


292 


1,206 


520 


704 


172 


1,227 


404 


(1) 


Q) 


4,085 


2,228 


20,181 


8,368 


5,933 


1,950 


1,341 


557 


722 


248 


2,703 


762 


3,980 


1,743 


916 


366 


(1) 


(0 


4,936 


1,915 


388 


153 


9,457 


3,765 


863 


293 


872 


175 


17,414 


6,588 


2,058 


645 


18,191 


7,028 


12,038 


4,931 


5,404 


2,941 


1,182 


718 


1,508 


810 


2,134 


1,195 


1,776 


922 


2,039 


674 


923 


375 


926 


499 


644 


268 


17,151 


5,441 


1,215 


569 


4,061 


1,829 


2,561 


1,266 



5 
(!) 



508 
503 



521 
) 

282 



9,082 
(?) 
(2) 
(}) 
(?) 
(2) 
(2) 

(2) 

(2) 

(2) 

(^) 

(2) 

(2) 
267 
(<) 
235 

0) 

(») 

(S) 

(«) 

0) 

(J) 
108 

(=) 

(«) 

(<) 

(') 
836 

(«) 

(') 

(0 

(«) 

(5) 
67 

(') 

(5) 

(}) 

(") 

(') 

(^) 

(') 

(«) 

C) 

(') 

(') 

(') 

(0 

(■) 

C) 
C) 

(») 
(') 
(<) 

(12) 

(») 
(') 
(W) 

165 

(15) 

(«) 

(12) 
(*) 

8 
(?) 



3,006 
(2) 
(^) 
(») 
(?) 
(?) 
(^) 
(^) 
C) 
(■") 
(») 
(2) 
(2) 
(3) 

160 
(0 

195 
(*) 
(2) 
(5) 
C) 
(0 
C) 
49 
- (») 

V) 
(') 

464 
(») 
(') 
(*) 
(«) 
(') 

41 
(5) 
(') 
(3) 
(') 
C) 
(=) 
(») 
(«) 
C) 

C) 

r> 
(') 
(') 
(') 
(») 
(«) 
(") 
(') 
(^) 

(12) 
(') 

(') 
(13) 

105 

(12) 

(•) 
(12) 

(^) 

9 

(?) 



3,546 

(A 
(■") 
(2) 

(==) 

(2) 
(2) 
(2) 
(^) 
(2) 
4 
105 
35 
299 
11 
205 
44 
21 



7 

19 

5 

7 

1 

111 

46 

87 

22 

5 

38 

27 

12 



138 
6 

76 



212 
42 
184 
235 
53 

(10) 

12 

48 

38 

7 

1 

11 
10 
233 
12 
49 
13 
10 
7 
3 



1,247 
(2) 
(^) 
(2) 
(2) 
(^) 
(=>) 

(2) 
(^) 
(^) 
(^) 
(2) 

3 
102 
37 
163 
5 
66 
36 
16 



2 
17 

2 
64 
82 
113 

9 

6 
34 
14 
12 



67 
1 

128 
13 

4 
129 

12 
125 
203 

75 

(10) 

9 

34 

27 

6 

5 

12 

7 

192 

10 

30 

24 

28 

8 

5 

1 

30 

7 

23 



» See Salem. 
» See Maiden. 
"See Greenfield. 
i^SeeFaU River. 



"See Pittsfleld. 



25 

Table XXIV. — Foreignrborn white males of voting age, 1910, etc. — Continued. 



state and city or 
town. 



MASSACHUSETTS — COn. 



Peabodv 

Pittsfiefd 

Plymouth 

Qiiincy 

Revere 

Salem 

Shrewsbury 

SomervUle 

Southbridge 

Springfield 

Stoneham 

Stoughton 

Taunton 

Wakefield 

Walpole 

Waltham 

Watertown 

Webster 

Wellesley 

Westfleld 

West Springfield. 

Wliitman 

Winchester 

Winthrop 

Wobum 

Worcester 



MICHIGAN. 



Albion 

Alpena 

Battle Creek 

BayCity. 

Benton Harbor 

Bessemer 

Calumet 

Centennial 

Centennial Heights 

Kearsarge 

Laurium 

Osceola 

Red Jacket 

Tamarack 

Wolverine 

Crystal Falls 

Detroit 

Escanaba 

Flint 

Grand Haven 

Grand Rapids 

Hancock 

Franlclin Mine 

Quincy Mine 

Holland 

Houghton 

Dodgeville 

Isle Royale 

Iron Mountain... 

Iron River 

Ironwood 

Jac':son 

Kalamazoo 

Lansing 

'See Salem. 
2 See Brockton. 
s See Dedham. 
* See Boston. 



Population, 1910. 



Total. 



15, 721 

32, 121 

12,141 

32,642 

18,219 

43,697 

1,946 

77, 236 

12,592 

88,926 

7,090 

6,316 

34,259 

11,404 

4,892 

27, 834 

12,875 

11,509 

5,413 

16,044 

9,224 

7,292 

9,309 

10, 132 

15,308 

145,986 



5,833 
12,706 
25,267 
45, 166 

9,185 

4,583 
"20,097 

e) 

{") 

(') 

8,537 

(') 

4.211 

e) 
794 

3,775 

465,766 

13, 194 

38, 550 

5,856 
112,571 

8.981 

(') 

(') 
10.490 

5,113 

(') 

{') 

9,216 

2,450 
12,821 
31,433 
39,437 
31,229 



Foreign- 
bom 
white. 



5,341 
6,744 
3,722 

10,875 
5,331 

13,539 
(*) 

20, 751 
4,315 

22,999 
1,362 
1,439 
9,779 
3,128 
1,306 
7,683 
4,057 
4,096 
1,559 
4,401 
2,100 
1,108 
2,486 
2,093 
4,039 

48, 492 



775 
3,586 
2,616 
11,027 
1,187 
2,144 
(') 
(') 

(!>) 
(^) 

2,617 
e) 

1,953 
(') 
{') 

1,501 
156,565 
4,095 
6,662 
1,364 
28,335 
3,162 
(') 
(=) 

2,465 
1,184 
(5) 
(^) 
3,741 

e) 

6,234 
4,307 
6,857 
3,973 



Foreign-bom white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 



Total. 



2,931 
3,176 
1,621 
4,996 
2,400 
5,696 

8,814 
1,943 
9,942 

615 

666 
4,206 
1,280 

635 
3,068 
1,773 
1,839 

550 
2,173 

943 

481 
1,027 

819 
2,006 
22,816 



421 
1,775 
1,259 
5,213 

538 
1,260 
(') 
(^) 
{") 
(^) 

1,263 
(*) 

1,151 
(^) 
(') 

818 
75,323 
2,236 
3,628 

665 
13,689 
1,611 
(') 
(') 
1,162 

566 
(») 
(') 

1,878 
(») 

3,651 
2,182 
3,149 
2,000 



• See Worcester. 

'See Cambridge. 

6 See Fall River. 

9 See Springfield. 

f' Figures not available. '" See Battle Creek. 



Natu- 
ralized. 



783 
1,549 

463 
2,367 
1,407 
2,443 

4,263 
657 

4,182 
316 
266 

1,506 
662 
230 

1,525 
804 
680 
234 
588 
372 
218 
366 
551 

1,063 

9,126 



245 
1,264 

570 
4,009 

340 

427 
{') 
(') 
(') 
(') 

825 
{') 

357 
(') 
(') 

358 

32, 891 

1,365 

1,579 

393 
7,758 

786 
(') 
{") 

764 

390 
(») 

1,208 

(') 

1,259 

1,180 

1,505 

1,029 



Naturalization 

papers filed in 

county, July 

1, 1915, to June 

30, 1916. 



Declar- 
ations. 



0) 
299 

(=) 

(») 

{*) 
1,228 

(«) 

(') 

(«) 
1,074 

(') 



(') 
(') 
(«) 
i}) 
(») 
(») 
(=) 
(') 
(<) 
(') 
1,288 



(10) 

34 

73 
108 
104 
237 

(12) 
(12) 
(12) 
(12) 
(1=) 
(12) 
(12) 
(12) 

24 

125 
9,991 
108 
328 
64 
454 

(12) 
(12) 
(12) 
(.3) 

491 

(12) 
(12) 
115 

(") 
(16) 

114 
101 
144 



Peti- 
tions. 



(>) 
152 

(^) 
(») 
(*) 

726 
(«) 
(■) 

C) 

431 
(') 
(?) 
(«) 
(') 
(?) 
{■>) 
(') 
(') 
(') 
(») 
(») 
(«) 
(') 
(«) 
(') 

648 



(10) 

27 
30 

133 
39 

117 

(12) 
(12) 
(12) 
(12) 
(12) 
(12) 
(12) 
(12) 
11 

68 
1,426 
81 
80 
48 
170 

(1!) 

(12) 
(12) 
(13) 

276 

(12) 
(12) 

95 
(") 

(16) 

28 
28 
32 



Names furnished. 



Declar- 
ants. 



» Exclusive of Laurium 

and Red Jacket. 
'2 See Houghton. 
" See Grand Haven. 



41 
59 
28 
110 
38 
147 

5 
98 
24 
162 

6 

7 

59 
37 

8 
104 
38 
22 

7 
24 

8 

4 

21 

15 

23 

313 



4 

18 
19 
49 
34 
11 
194 

(16) 
(16) 
(16) 
(16) 
(16) 
(16) 
(16) 
(16) 

24 

6,880 

13 

141 

9 

255 

96 

(") 
4 
54 

(12) 
(12) 

52 

8 
78 
51 
58 
82 



Peti- 
tion- 
ers. 



11 
143 

8 
12 
25 
19 

2 
43 
16 
16 

1 
26 
11 

1 

13 

16 

16 

286 



13 
12 
54 
12 
11 
119 

(16) 
(16) 
(16) 
(16) 
(16) 
(16) 
(16) 
(16) 

8 

1,140 

18 

27 

10 

129 

25 

(»') 

(>') 

1 

14 
(1=) 

(12) 

40 
10 
77 
19 
37 
17 



" See Crystal Falls. 
J» See Bessemer. 
16 See Calumet. 
" See Hancock,^ 



78482°— 17- 



26 
Table XXIV. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, etc. — Continued. 



state and city or 
town. 



MicHiGAiT— continued. 

Marquette 

Munisitig 

Muskegon 

Negaunee , 

Palatkaa 

Petoskey 

River Rouge 

Saginaw 

Saginaw West Side . . . 

MINNESOTA. 



Aurora 

Adriatic 

Mesaba 

Stevens 

Biwabik 

Pineville 

Brainerd 

Buhl 

Cliisholm 

Cloquet 

Coleraine 

Bovey 

Calumet 

Marble 

Taconite 

Crosby 

Deerwood 

Ironton 

Duluth 

Dunbar 

East Grand Forks. . 
Ely 

Wtnton 

Eveleth 

Gilbert 

Elba 

Genoa Min. Location 

Mc Kin ley 

Sparta 

Grand Rapids 

Hibbiag 

International Falls. 

Keewatin 

Kinney 

Little Falls 

Little Marais 

Mankato 

Minneapolis 

Moxontaln Iron 

Hopper 

Leonidas Mine..., 

Nashwauk 

I"ew Ulm , 

Rosy 

St. Cloud 

St. Paul 

South St. Paul 

Tower 

Two Harbors 

Virginia 

Warba 

Winger 

Wienshall 



Population, 1910. 



Total. 



11,503 
2,952 

24,062 
8,460 

4,778 
4,163 
50,510 
(?) 



1,919 
i?) 

84 

(?) 

1,690 
(?) 

8,526 

1,005 

7,684 

7,031 

1,613 

1,377 

245 

887 

649 

(?) 

686 

(?) 

78,466 

(?) 

2,533 

3,572 

(?) 

7,036 

1,700 

151 

(?) 

411 
(?) 

2,230 
8,832 
1,487 

695 
(^) 
6,078 

(?) 

10,365 

301,408 

1,343 

(2) 

(^) 

2,080 
5,648 
(^) 

10,600 

214,744 

4,510 

1,111 

4,990 

10,473 

(?) 

728 

755 



Foreign- 
born 
white. 



3,574 
1,048 
6,252 
3,862 

(?) 

696 
1,227 
11,701 
(?) 



(2) 

(2) 

(2) 

(?) 

(2) 

(^) 

2,164 

(2) 

4,469 

2,959 

(?) 

(^) 
{^) 

() 
(,) 
(?) 
(^) 
(^) 

30,652 
(?) 

773 
1,713 
e) 

3.761 
(?) 
(?) 
(^) 
(^) 
(2) 
(?) 

4,342 
(?) 

() 
(?) 

1,300 
(2) 

2,070 
85,938 
(?) 
(!) 
() 
(^) 
1.576 

ih 

2,024 
56,524 
1,723 
(2) 

2,114 
5,340 
(?) 
(2) 
(?) 



Foreign-bom white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 



Total. 



1,930 
575 

3,092 

2,207 

(2) 
342 
581 

5,584 

(?) 



(2) 
(?) 
(?) 
(?) 
(^) 
C) 
1,122 

(^) 

2,936 

1,794 

(?) 

(?) 

(2) 

(> 

(> 

() 

(,> 

(?) 
17,663 

(?) 
422 
995 

(?) 

2,328 

(^) 

(?) 

(^) 

(?) 

(?) 

(?) 

2,879 

(^) 

(?) 

(?) 
638 

(?) 

1,018 
45,159 

(^) 

(?) 

(?) 

783 
(?) 

1,103 
29,048 

934 
(^) 

1,265 
3,397 
(2) 
(^) 
(?) 



Natu- 
ralized. 



1,117 
280 

2,070 
869 

(?) 
204 
284 

3,799 

(?) 



0) 

(?) 

(?) 

(2) 

(^) 

(?) 
796 

(?) 
551 
753 

(?) 

() 

(') 

(2) 

(?) 

C) 

(^) 

8,369 

(?) 
220 
377 

(?) 
679 

(P 

(!> 

() 

() 

(I 
730 

(?) 
522 

(?) 

814 
23,462 

(',> 
(?) 
(^) 
(?) 

647 
(') 

675 
17, 071 

423 
(?) 

466 

958 
(=) 
(,') 



Naturalization 

papers filed in 

cormty, July 

1, 1915, to June 

30, 1916. 



Declar- 
ations. 



256 

82 

124 

(1) 

(?) 

27 

154 
{') 



(?) 

(^) 
C) 

(!!> 

41 

<P 
(?) 

38 
(») 

(> 
C) 
(?) 
(«) 
(") 

i"! 

1,042 

(=•) 
64 

(?) 
(?) 
(=) 

^\ 
23 

(«) 

(5) 

(«) 

66 
(?) 

63 

(^) 
(•) 
14 

(16) 

36 
1,696 
(«) 
(«) 
(«) 
(') 

21 

(') 

45 
823 

33 
(?) 

34 
C) 
(^) 

(17) 
(18) 



Peti- 
tions. 



1 See Marquette. 
^Figures not available, 
i See Crystal Falls. 
<HeeT)etroit. 
^Seebagiuaw. 



'^ See Duluth. " See Brainerd. 

' See Aurora. '^ See Crosby. 

8 See Biwabik. " gee Ely. 

9 See Grand Rapids. " See Gilbert. 
10 See Coleraine. 

" For superintendent at Stambaugh. 



131 
53 
38 

{') 

12 
{') 

102 
(?) 



(«) 

(!) 
C) 
(«) 
(?) 

51 
(«) 
(») 

49 
(?) 
(=) 
(5) 
(») 

(") 
(") 
(") 

735 
(?) 

31 
(«) 
(«) 
(«) 
C') 

11 

C) 

(«) 

C) 
94 

(?) 
46 

(«) 
C) 
21 

(16) 

22 
917 

(«) 
(«) 
(?) 

'\ 

(») 
22 
458 
14 

(«) 

24 
C) 
(») 

(17) 
(18) 



Names furnished. 



Declar- 
ants. 



10 
(') 

(') 
9 

(«) 
9 
3 
62 

18 
4 

(10) 
(10) 
(10) 
(10) 

13 

(12) 
(12) 

234 



3 
29 

(13) 

43 

7 

(14) 

92 
21 

4 
10 

7 



Peti- 
tion- 
ers. 



34 
1,319 



(16) 
(16) 



549 

19 

1 

15 



16 

{') 

C) 

(J) 

4 

15 

9 

64 

34 

7 

(lo^ 

(10) 
(10) 

14 

(12) 
(12) 

206 

1 

2 

35 

(13) 

58 
12 

(14) 
(14) 
(14) 

'\ 

46 
8 
7 
7 
6 



Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 



10 

853 
3 

(16) 
(16) 



2 

408 

17 

1 

14 

64 



15 See Two Harbors. 
>8 See Mount Iron. 
»' See East Grand Forks, 
w See Cloquet. 



27 

Table XXIV. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, etc. — Continued. 



state and city or 
town. 



MISSISSIPPI. 

Gulfport 



MISSOUBI. 

Cape Girardeau. 

Hannibal 

Kansas City 

St. Joseph 

St. Louis 

Washington 



MONTANA. 

Red Lodge 

NEBRASKA. 



Lincoln. 
Omaha. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



Berlin 

Claremont . . 

Concord 

Dover 

JafErey 

Manchester . 

Nashua 

Tilton 



NEW JERSEY. 



Atlantic City 

Bayonne 

Bernards ville 

Bloomfield 

Boonton 

Bordentown 

Boundbrook 

Dover 

East Newark 

East Rutherford . . . 

Elizabeth 

Englewood 

Hackensack 

Harrison 

Hoboken 

Jersey City 

Kearneys 

Arlington 

Linden 

Long Branch 

Montclair 

Morristown 

Newark 

New Brunswick . . . 

Orange 

Passaic 

Paterson 

Plainfleld 

North Plainfleld. 

Rahway 

Red Bank 

Ridgewood 

Summit 



Population, 1910. 



Total. 



6,386 



8,475 

18,341 

248,381 

77, 403 

687, 029 

3,670 



43, 973 
124,096 



H, 780 

7,529 

21,497 

13,247 

1,895 

70, 063 

26,005 

1,866 



46,150 
55, 545 
0) 

15,070 

4,930 

4,250 

3,970 

7,468 

3,163 

4,275 

73,409 

9,924 

14, 050 

14,498 

70, 324 

267, 779 

18, 659 

(') 

610 

13, 298 

21,550 

12, 507 

347, 469 

23, 388 

29, 630 

54, 773 

125, 600 

20,550 

6,117 

9,337 

7,398 

5,416 

7,500 



» Figures not available. 

* See Manchester. 
'See Jersey City. 

* See Bound brook. 



Foreign- 
born 
white. 



375 
774 

25,327 
8,113 

125, 706 
329 



2,099 



7,200 
27,068 



5,082 
1,819 
4,309 
3,296 
0) 

29, 692 
8,957 
(') 



6,400 
20, 522 

3,359 

1,090 

349 

1,242 

1,313 

1,215 

1,187 

23, 894 

2,500 

3,255 

5,257 

27, 668 

77, 697 

6,024 

0) 

0) 

2,529 

5,141 

2,657 

110,665 

6,048 

8,069 

28, 467 

45,398 

4,144 

889 

1,659 

993 

768 

2,024 



Foreign-bom white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 



Total. 



164 



208 
421 

13,052 
4,281 

63,440 
167 



3,101 
13, 788 



2,378 
731 
1,984 
1,475 
0) 

11,486 
3,748 
0) 



2,996 
10, 109 
G) 

1,544 

505 

162 

606 

667 

546 

561 

11,713 

950 

1,473 

2,503 

13, 562 

37, 707 

2,888 

0) 
0) 

1,250 

2,023 

1,115 

49, 674 

2,278 

3,660 

10, 920 

20, 182 

1,670 

361 

840 

457 

316 

769 



Natu- 
ralized. 



6 See Newark. 
6 See Morristown. 
' See Hackensack. 
8 Arlington post otflce. 



162 

234 

6,953 

2,256 

33,081 

117 



1,372 
7,079 



768 
298 
962 

747 

0) 

4,566 
1,190 
C) 



1,170 
3,364 



Naturalization 

papers filed in 

county, July 

1, 1915, to June 

30, 1916. 



Declar- 
ations 



4 

36 

374 

110 

1,595 



57 



226 
1,439 



56 
43 
116 
37 
31 
350 
(?) 
21 



150 
(») 
(♦) 



207 


(■«) 


63 


61 


212 


83 


385 


(«) 


255 




297 


5,036 


594 


422 


(') 


564 


501 


1,046 


(') 


5,796 


(3) 


16, 556 


2,950 


1,430 


s 


0) 


0) 


(10) 


496 


152 


771 


0) 


562 


165 


21,427 


1,891 


846 


432 


1,822 


(^) 


2,967 


(") 


9,817 


751 


830 


(10) 


203 


{') 


407 


no) 
(») 


175 


162 


(') 


349 


(10) 



Peti- 
tions. 



9 See Kearney. 
i» See Elizabeth. 

11 See Paterson. 

12 See Plainfleld. 



19 
179 

50 

945 

3 



59 



223 



18 
16 
36 
27 
12 
204 



148 



351 

(0 
359 
(») 
(?) 
1,294 

') 
C) 

(10) 

132 

(5) 

98 

1,149 

435 

e) 

(») 

638 

s> 

(10) 
(18) 

(') 
(10) 



Names furnished. 



Declar- 
ants. 



1 

94 
212 



44 
417 



246 
49 



257 
13 
6 
13 



211 
25 
32 

66 

311 

1,105 

85 

(?) 

12 

43 

4 

31 

672 

66 

5 

151 

291 

31 

(12) 

9 
2 
4 
14 



Peti- 
tion- 
ers. 



892 



10 



17 
211 



75 

151 

4 

17 
4 
1 



19 
1 
2 

189 
32 
29 
36 
149 
542 
81 

''\ 
16 
8 
13 

592 
73 
34 
90 

229 
21 

(12) 

11 
4 
5 

11 



13 See Long Branch. 



28 

Table XXIV. — Foreigrirhorn white males of voting age, 1910, etc. — Continued. 



state and city or 


Population, 1910. 


Foreign-bom white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 


Naturalization 

papers filed la 

county. July 

1, 1915, to Jime 

30, 1916. 


Names furnished. 




Total. 


Foreign- 
bom 
white. 


Total. 


Natu- 
ralized. 


Declar- 
ations. 


Peti- 
tions. 


Declar- 
ants. 


Peti- 
tion- 
ers. 


Candi- 
dates' 
wives. 


NEW lEESEY— COntd. 

Town of Union! 


21,023 
96,815 
6,420 
35,403 
13,560 

11,020 

100,253 
31,267 
34,668 
11,613 
48,443 

423,715 
7,217 
24,709 
13,730 
17,221 
37,176 
10,480 
12, 446 
20,642 
11,417 
5,189 
12,004 
14, 802 
31,297 
10,447 

12,273 

17,970 

5,699 

6,634 

5,683 

30,919 

6,227 

27,805 

28,867 

4,766,883 

30,445 

11,955 

8,290 

14,743 

27,936 

218,149 

72,826 

5,139 

137,249 

76,813 

74,419 

26,730 

15,949 

79,803 

5,443 
5,157 
14,331 
4,358 


6,665 
26,310 

1,057 
13,713 

3,556 

1,269 

18,165 
10,624 
7,620 
2,133 
7,389 
(4 
(*) 
118,444 

943 
7,373 
1,795 
5,146 
5,259 
1,783 
2,215 
4,008 
2,209 

522 

1,589 

10,612 

1,941 

3,915 

3,235 

1,641 

1,343 

1,058 

8,029 

759 

4,823 

8,677 

1,927,703 

12,064 

3,628 

1,854 

2,424 

4,534 

58,993 

18,631 

1,663 

30,781 

15,432 

21,308 

6,268 

3,898 

26,590 

965 
1,236 
3,200 

878 


3,133 
12,938 
471 
6,177 
1,712 

624 

8,192 
4,691 
3,788 
1,026 
3,310 

56,337 

454 
2,990 

896 
2,548 
2,494 

840 
1,050 
1,777 
1,142 

243 

723 

5,035 

915 

(?) 

1,832 

1,558 

781 

699 

553 

3,612 

325 

2,241 

4,000 

828,793 

5,755 

1,887 

948 

1,184 

2,122 

27,067 

9,562 

946 

14,944 

6,554 

9,341 

2,798 

1,914 

12,295 

514 

652 

1,669 

426 


1,723 
5,253 

232 
2,905 

920 

430 

4,827 
1,808 
1,743 
474 
1,260 
0) 
{') 

29,409 

243 

1,605 

486 

1,067 

1,648 

206 

635 

829 

336 

150 

(') 
374 

2,741 
470 

(=) 
581 
887 
344 
268 
300 

1,950 
176 

1,125 

1,979 
318,091 

2,082 
765 
573 
641 
994 
13,003 

3,856 
342 

7,036 

4,388 

4,326 

1,050 
777 

5,629 

301 

255 

1,011 

203 


(2) 
402 

(?) 

V) 

v) 

8 

351 
153 
133 

36 
264 
(^) 
(<) 

2,588 
79 
(?) 

47 
(?) 
45 
107 

K 

51 
233 

48 
212 
121 

(10) 

161 
93 

(12) 

124 
193 

(12) 

43,402 
695 
(") 

(13) 

104 

196 

1,185 

319 

(15) 

575 
197 
403 
181 

(12) 

1,153 

58 
92 
121 
66 


(?) 
278 

(8) 
(?) 

12 

165 
114 
88 
32 
94 

1,224 

48 

<"5S 

"34 
69 

?! 

41 

29 
124 

25 
256 

52 

99 
(") 

(12) 

38 
55 

(12) 

51 
127 

(12) 

20,052 
306 
(") 

(13) 

51 
112 

817 
208 

(15) 

221 
88 

181 
53 

(12) 

630 

12 

27 
47 
23 


74 

267 

5 

146 

75 

3 

189 
116 
88 
11 
198 
(') 
(?) 

1,892 
16 
19 
13 
5 
81 
32 
18 
56 
20 
2 
12 
33 
57 
47 


42 

213 

8 

86 

59 

2 

116 

102 

73 

21 

84 

8 

847 

12 

16 

39 

43 

32 

13 

10 

32 

20 

2 

9 

13 

224 

5 


44 
20& 


Westfleld 


7 


West Hoboken 

West New York 

NEW MEXICO. 


96 
50 

t 


NEW TOEK. 


84 




110 




67 




22 




86 


Bronx 


(*) 




(?) 


BufEalo 


1,117 




9 




^2 




1» 




5 


Elmira 


21 


Fulton 


11 




7 




18 




20 


Hudson Falls 


1 




7 


Itliaca 


9 




155 




5 






Little Falls 


35 

14 

19 

5 

14 

56 

17 

24 

81 

33,069 

337 

71 

(14) 

57 

84 

1,116 

230 

27 

341 

122 

230 

78 

65 

289 

26 
46 
43 
28 


30 
17 
17 

5 

12 
66 

8 
37 
36 
10,854 
140 
39 

(14) 

4 
58 

759 

173 
13 

165 
68 

147 
31 
47 

276 

2 
10 
20 

5 


24 




12 




11 




4 




5 




50 




8 


Newburgh 


25 


New Rochelle 


21 


New York 


7,204 


Niagara Falls 


105 


North Tonawanda 

Tonawanda 


35 
(») 


Olean 


80 


Poughkeepsie 


76 




13 


Schenectady 


147 


Solvay 


11 


S3Tacuse 


171 


Troy 


67 


Utica 


104 


Watertown 


35 




40 


Yonkers . . . 


206 


NORTH DAKOTA. 

Bismarck 


1 




6 


Fargo 


9 


Jamestown 





1 Weehawken post office. 

2 See Jersey City. 
8 See Elizabeth. 

< See New York. 



5 See Albany. 

6 See Jamestown. 

' See Canandaigua. 
8 See Johnstown. 



° Figures not available. 
i« See Troy. 
" See Niagara Falls, 
li See Yonkers. 



13 See Buffalo. 

" See North Tonawanda. 

15 See Syracuse. 



29 

Table XXIY.— Foreign-born white males of voting age^ 1910, eic— Continued. 



Btato and city or 
town. 



OHIO. 

Alliance 

Ashtabula 

Barberton 

Canton 

Cincinnati 

Cleveland 

Columbus 

Conneaut 

Dayton 

East Youngstown . 

Elyria 

Hamilton 

Mlddletown 

Painesville 

Piqua 

Ravenna 

Salem 

Springfield 

Steuben ville 

Struthers 

Toledo 

Youngstown 



OKLAHOMA. 



Hugo 

McAlester. 
Tulsa 



Astoria 

Portland... 
The Dalles. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 



Allquippa 

Allentown 

Altoona 

Bradford 

Chambersburg 

Charleroi 

Chester 

Coaldale 

Connellsville 

South Connellsville. 

Coraopolis 

Corry 

Donora 

Duquesne 

Duryea 

Easton 

EUwoodCity 

Erie 

Ford City 

Kittanning 

Gilberton 

Glassport 

Harrisburg 

Hazelton 

Indiana 

Johnstown 

Kingston 

Lancaster 

Lansford 

Larksville 

McKeesport 



Population, 1910. 



Total. 



15,083 

18,266 

9,410 

50,217 

363,591 

560,663 

181,511 

8,319 

116,577 

4,972 

14,825 

35,279 

13, 152 

5,501 

13,388 

5,310 

8,943 

46,921 

22,391 

3,370 

168,497 

79,066 



4,582 
12,954 
18, 182 



9,599 

207, 214 

4,880 



1,743 
51,913 
52, 127 
14,544 
11,800 
9,615 
38,537 
5,154 
12,845 
(*) 

5,252 

5,991 

8,174 

15,727 

7,487 

28,523 

3,902 

66, 525 

4,850 

4,311 

5,401 

5,540 

64,186 

25,452 

5,749 

55,482 

6,449 

47, 227 

8,321 

9,288 

42,694 



Foreign- 
born 
white. 



2,659 
4,710 
2,829 
8,648 

56,792 
195, 703 

16, 285 
1,533 

13,847 

3,866 

3,061 

3,309 

1,192 

595 

752 

643 

1,239 

3,156 

5,214 

1,055 

32,037 

24,860 



52 
405 
412 



4,088 

43,780 

653 



6,234 
5,212 
2,180 
172 
3,356 
6,673 
1,905 
1,587 

1,285 
569 
3,213 
6,381 
3,066 
3, 122 
1,067 

14,943 
2,314 
353 
1,859 
1,817 
4,134 
5,994 
214 

15,316 
1,884 
3,203 
3,154 
3,099 

12,631 



Foreign-bom white 

mates of voting 

age, 1910. 



Total. 



1,606 

2,382 

1,723 

5,010 

26,723 

94,431 

8,487 

793 

7,303 

2,814 

1,709 

1,703 

690 

294 

379 

337 

703 

1,662 

3,103 

606 

15,826 

14,027 



35 

257 
245 



2,562 

25, 230 

410 



2,705 
2,757 
1,046 
87 
1,679 
3,476 
1,139 

793 
(') 

767 

283 
1,744 
3,504 
1,588 
1,452 

686 
7,562 
1,361 

195 
1,076 

959 
1,979 
2,972 

113 
9,225 
1,005 
1,472 
1,833 
1,646 
6,551 



Natu- 
ralized. 



350 

1,108 
222 

2,005 
17,253 
40,482 

4,453 
325 

3,451 
107 
556 

1,042 
260 
138 
195 
88 
234 
916 
589 
109 

8,752 

4,268 



22 
123 
105 



1,172 

11,251 

208 



Naturalization 

papers filed in 

county, July 

1, 1915, to June 

30, 1916. 



Declar- 
ations. 



87 
655 
192 
467 
3,904 
221 

118 

(') 

394 

34 

(«) 

33 

7 

26 

56 

24 

220 

558 
562 



126 
736 
29 



(•) 

232 

161 

59 

10 



242 
724 
(') 

(») 

(10) 



» See Canton. 
' See Ashtabula. 

* See Youngstown. 

* See Hamilton. 



<• Figures not available. 
' See New Brighton. 
' See Uniontown. 
8 See Connellsville. 



904 
1,083 

600 
00 

448 
1,137 

263 

343 

158 

114 

369 

760 

560 

646 

125 
3,348 

256 
77 

300 

235 

917 

1,457 

33 

1,621 

369 
1,028 

325 

645 
2,548 

9 See Pittsburgh. 
J» See Erie. 
» See Wilkes-Barre. 
« See New Castle. 



(») 
(") 
407 

(12) 

273 

(W) 

211 

(15) 
(») 

167 
(") 

381 

641- 
(») 
30 

235 
(") 



Peti- 
tions. 



(') 

68 

210 

89 

371 

2,225 

135 

55 
(}) 
136 
21 
(«) 
19 
2 
17 
56 
25 
115 
(') 
213 
204 



64 
574 
28 



137 
90 

57 
2 



113 

688 
(') 
(?) 

(9) 



(') 
(") 

142 

(12) 

151 

(13) 

94 

(16) 

{') 

132 
(") 

176 

524 
(») 
23 

135 
(") 
(9) 



Names furnished. 



Declar 

ants. 



32 

35 

35 

77 

306 

2,635 

142 

1 

106 

230 

15 

7 

8 

2 

2 

4 

1 

7 

129 

61 

355 

311 



50 
393 

7 



116 
89 
23 

1 
84 
86 

9 
13 
(8) 
14 

2 
39 
78 
60 
60 

9 
291 
22 
(") 

5 
16 
28 
70 
19 
251 
19 
16 
76 
26 
125 



Peti- 
tion- 
ers. 



10 
30 
17 
31 

283 
1,995 

115 



2 

7 

44 

14 

161 

238 



53 

406 

9 



9 
26 

20 
7 
(') 
4 
3 

32 
46 
20 
14 
9 
102 
II 

(14) 

13 

6 

25 

32 

2 

151 

25 

4 

1 

18 
49 



•2 See Kittanning. 
» See Ford City, 
't' See Coaldale. 



30 

Table XXIV. — Foreign-horn white males of voting age, 1910, etc. — Continued. 



state and city or 
town. 



Population, 1910. 



Total. 



Foreign- 
bom 
wMte. 



Foreign-bom white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 



Total. 



Natu- 
ralized. 



Naturalization 

papers filed in 

county, July 

1, 1915, to June 

30, 1916. 



Declar- 
ations. 



Peti- 
tions. 



Names furnished. 



Declar 
ants. 



Peti- 
tion- 
ers. 



PENNSYLVANIA— con. 



Monessen 

Monongahela City 

Mount Carmel 

Mount Oliver Station. . 

Nanticolf e 

New Brighton 

New Castle 

New Kensington 

Norristown 

Philadelphia 

Pittsburgh 

Reading 

Beranton 

Shamokin 

Sharpsburgi. 

South Forir 

Tyler 

Tyrone 

Uniontown 

West Hazleton 

Wilkes-Barre 

Wilkinsburg 

Williamsport 



KHODE ISLAND. 



Burrillville... 
Central Falls. 

Coventry 

Cumberland.. 

Lincoln 

Newport 

Pawtucket . . . 
Providence . . . 

"W esterly 

Woonsocket.. 



SOUTH DAKOTA. 



Aberdeen... 

Huron 

Lead 

Mitchell 

Sioux Falls. 



TENNESSEE. 

Memphis 



Austin 

Dallas , 

Houston 

San Antonio. 



UTAH. 



Murray City... 
Salt Lake City. 



Bennington . 

Bethel 

Burlington . . 



11,775 

7,598 
17,532 

4,241 
18,877 

8,329 
36,280 

7,707 
27,875 
, 549, 008 
533,905 
96,071 
129, 867 
19,588 

8,153 

4,592 

(«) 

7,176 
13,344 

4,715 
67, 105 
18, 924 
31,860 



7,878 
22, 754 

5,848 
10, 107 

9,825 

27, 149 

51, 622 

224,326 

8,696 
38, 125 



10,753 
5,791 
8,392 
6,515 

14,094 



131, 105 



29,860 
92, 104 
78,800 
96, 614 



4,057 
92, 777 



1,943 
20,468 



5,475 

1,487 

4,927 

672 

7,187 

865 

8,620 

2,376 

4,015 

382,578 

140,436 

8,812 

35, 112 

2,788 

1,978 

1,127 

221 
1,447 
1,556 
16,078 
1,971 
2,332 



2,454 

10,664 

1,346 

3,678 

4,181 

6,256 

17,956 

76,303 

2,347 

16,539 



1,865 
822 

2,336 
748 

2,215 



6,467 



2,441 
5,219 
6,318 
17, 407 



1,303 
19,035 



1,103 
3,938 



3,210 

795 

2,727 

328 

3,923 

482 

4,707 

1,389 

1,691 

167, 072 

70,148 

4,528 

17,461 

1,517 

1,105 

667 

120 
717 
802 

7,899 
920 

1,153 



1,190 

4,391 

543 

1,569 

1,087 

2,925 

7,523 

32,863 

985 

6,540 



897 
498 

1,447 
406 

1,119 



3,403 



1,240 
2,811 
3,466 
7,354 



703 
8,675 



470 
1,505 



462 
272 

1,286 
270 

1,935 
148 

1,326 

227 

477 

69,415 

28, 797 

1,430 

7,930 
867 
371 
237 

66 
243 
282 
3,754 
438 
723 



528 

1,870 

217 

787 

780 

1,672 

4,017 

12,988 

410 

2,300 



509 
216 
547 
241 
658 



1,664 



583 
1,504 
1,754 
3,114 



236 
4,335 



{') 



930 



285 
(») 
(=) 
287 
208 
(.') 
185 
8,105 
5,418 
127 
1,834 
(0 
(0 
{') 

270 
(■) 

670 
(n 

1,205 
(') 
35 






(8) 

104 
1,841 



(«) 



126 
54 

144 
17 

108 



28 



207 
200 



419 



347 



188 
0) 

(') 

106 
91 

100 
4,1G8 
3,004 
70 
1,392 
V) 
(') 
(^') 
179 

D 
321 

(.') 
701 

16 






7' 



(8) 



32 



226 



245 

35 

28 

5 

51 

4 

104 

113 

30 

6,586 

1,539 

63 

478 

77 

62 

11 

25 

1 

33 

8 

183 

3 

20 



1 
1 
49 
86 
500 
15 
20 



387 



71 
132 
125 



20 
314 



22 

3,166 

1,121 

45 

317 

32 

6 

6 

3 

1 

35 



138 
4 

27 



40 
2 
5 
1 

72 
78 
304 
12 
20 



11 
132 



I See Pittsburgh. 
» See Wilkes-Barre. 
s See Monessen. 



* See Mount Carmel. 

' See Johnstown. 

« Figures not available. 



' See Altoona. 

8 See Providence. 

9 See Salt Lake City. 



31 



Table XXIY .—Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, etc.— Continued. 



state and city or 
town. 



Lynchburg. 

Norfolk 

Richmond.. 
Roanoke . . . 



WASHINGTON. 



Bellingham 24, 298 

Black Diamomd 2,051 

Blaine 2,289 

Clipper (1) 

Everett 24,814 

Lynden (i) 

Roslyn 3,126 

Ronald (i) 

Seattle 237, 194 

Spokane 104,402 

Tacoma 83,743 

Walla Walla 19,364 



WEST VIRGINIA. 



Charleston 

Clarksburg 

Adamston... 
North View. 
Tin Plate.... 

Keyser 

Logan 

Morgan town... 

Sabraton 

Westover 

Parkersburg. . . 

Piedmont 

Wellsburg 

Wheeling 



WISCONSIN. 



Appleton 

Beloit 

Chippewa Falls. 

Eau Claire 

Fond du Lac... 
Grand Rapids.. 

Green Bay 

Kenosha 

La Crosse 

Madison 

Manitowoc 

Marinette 

Marslifield 

Menomonie 

Milwaukee 

Neenah 

Oshkosh 

Racine 

Sheboygan 

Stevens Point... 

Superior 

Two Rivers 

Wausau 

West Allis 



Population, 1910. 



Total. 



29,494 
67,452 
127,628 
34, 874 



22,996 
9,201 
1,200 
(') 
(') 

3,705 
1,640 
9, 150 
(') 
(') 

17, 842 
2,054 
4,189 

41,641 



Total 29,990,947 



16, 
15, 

8, 
18, 
18, 

6, 
25, 
21, 
30, 
25, 
13, 
14, 

5, 

5, 
373, 

5, 
33, 
38, 
26, 

8, 
40, 

4, 
16, 

6, 



Foreign- 
born 
white. 



450 
3,564 
4,085 

770 



5, 152 

(') 

(') 

(') 

5,472 

(') 

1,556 

0) 

60,835 
21, 220 
21,463 

2,361 



1,014 

481 
(') 
(') 
(') 

130 
(') 

1,113 
(') 
(') 

560 
0) 

262 
5,418 



3,257 
2,395 
2,155 
4,245 
3,062 
1,152 
4,056 
7,642 
6,043 
4,174 
2,534 
4,027 
1,095 
1,258 
111,456 
1,313 
7,406 

12,509 
8,667 
1,712 

13, 772 

836 

3,918 

2,420 



Foreign-bom white 

males of voting 

age, 1910. 



Total. 



250 
1,820 
2,040 

414 



2,818 

(') 

(') 

(') 

3,294 

(') 
934 

(>) 

36,097 
12,389 
12, 191 

1,239 



543 

256 
0) 
(') 
(') 

56 
(') 

567 
(>) 
(•) 

278 
(■) 

122 
2,679 



1,573 
1,307 
1,118 
2,173 
1,585 

589 
2,078 
4,141 
2,965 
2,105 
1,258 
2,059 

525 

640 
56, 101 

637 
3,598 
6,590 
4,359 

856 
8,201 

461 
1,920 
1,491 



Natu- Declar- 
ralized. ations. 



Naturalization 

papers filed in 

county, July 

1, 1915, to June 

30, 1916. 



8,113,706 3,803,550 1,684,195 175,254 



130 
931 
943 
212 



1,439 

0) 

(') 

(') 

1,673 

(>) 

301 
(') 

16,438 
5,495 
5,808 

682 



242 
112 

8 

20 
0) 

196 
(') 
(') 

180 
(') 

55 
1,413 



1,287 

054 

836 
1,411 
1,035 

368 
1,524 
1,401 
1,759 
1,174 

789 
1,544 

298 

421 
26, 155 

438 
2,106 
2,834 
2,061 

516 
3, 735 

117 
1,310 

386 



7 

351 

95 

11 



200 
(') 

74 
(') 

1,542 

437 

462 

48 



« 



II 



77 

130 

43 

27 

62 

51 

54 

224 

48 

270 

66 

33 

(«) 

46 

1,322 

(=) 

76 

319 

259 

25 

202 

(.0) 

68 
(») 



Peti- 
tions. 



5 
132 
46 
12 



S3 



{') 

148 

C') 

53 
{*) 
754 
249 
265 
39 



22 
31 

(') 

{') 

{") 
7 
12 
17 

C) 

5 

20 
33 



35 
93 
31 
42 
69 
34 
52 

118 
59 

137 
24 
29 
(«) 
22 

970 

78 
196 
92 
53 
147 

(10) 

89 
(») 



Names furnished. 



Declar 
ants. 



56 
19 
1 
1 

46 
8 
18 

719 

161 

195 

18 



8 



(•) 



15 

46 

15 

8 

14 

19 

22 

149 

27 

153 

2 

25 

33 

8 

762 

1 

30 

214 

55 

4 

105 

1 

20 



87,595 108,955 



Peti- 
tion- 
ers. 



47 



21 
0) 
451 
100 
129 

24 



16 
2 
(') 
(') 






19 
14 

9 
14 

9 

5 
25 
78 
37 
64 

5 
17 

7 

6 
756 

4 
41 
153 
29 
13 
128 

3 
25 
14 



53,507 







RECAPITULATION. 










United States proper. . 


91,972,266 

29,990,947 


13,345,545 
8,113,706 


6,646,817 3,034,117 
3,803,550 1,684,195 


207, 151 
175,254 


107,729 
87,595 






Cities listed 


108,955 


53,507 43,269 




Balance 


61,981,319 


5,231,839 


2,843,267 1,349,922 


31, 897 


20, 134 













» Figures not available * See Roslyn. ' See Keyser. w See Mam'towoc. 

» See Seattle. s See Clarksburg. « See Grand Rapids. » See Milwaukee. 

» Bee Bellingham. « See Morgantown. » See Oshkosh. 



32 

In the preceding table will be found the names of the cities and 
towns which, during the year under review, entered into this 
national cooperative educational work with this bureau by open- 
ing their public schools for the instruction of the candidates for 
citizenship and other resident adult foreigners. In every one of 
these cities and towns the superintendents of the public schools 
received the cards prepared by this bureau giving the names of the 
candidates for citizenship, each superintendent having arranged for 
the organization and conduct of classes for this instruction. The 
table also shows the number of names sent to each city and the popu- 
lation of the city and the foreign-born white population according to 
the census of 1910, together with the number of declarations of inten- 
tion and petitions for naturalization filed during the fiscal year 1916. 
From this it will be seen that the total foreign-born white population 
residing in these places, according to the last census, was 8,113,706. 
In some of the places it has not been possible to get figures of popu- 
lation, and in others several have been grouped together within the 
county. Appropriate notes explanatory of these variations are shown. 

FIELD OF POSSIBLE ACTIVITY. 

Since July 1, 1910, there has been a net addition to the foreign 
population in this country of approximately 3,000,000, as shown by 
the immigrants remaining and becoming annual additions to the 
population. In this entire number scarcely any naturalizations could 
occur, because of the necessitj^ for five years' continuous residence 
within the United States required by law. Only those among this 
number could be naturalized who acted promptly in filing their 
petitions for naturalization upon the expiration of the five-year 
period during the course of the year under review. While the table 
shows a population, therefore, of 29,990,947 in the communities co- 
operating with this bureau, undoubtedly in these communities reside 
the majority of the 3,000,000 additions to the foreign population of 
the country. The four States not included in the table had only 
84,680 foreigners at the last census, and the bureau has been assured 
that they will participate in this Americanizing activity at the open- 
ing of the new school year. 

In many of the States the foreign population is out of proportion 
to the facilities afforded by the public schools. Assurances have 
been received, however, of the extension of this cooperative move- 
ment, so that virtually all of the resident foreign population wiU 
be reached. "The plans of the bureau which are in process of develop- 
ment for invading isolated mining camps, logging camps, construc- 
tion camps, rural communities, and wherever else the foreign-born 
candidate may be found, will insure carrying into the remotest 
corners of our land the opportunity for a realization of the dreams 
of those who have come amongst us from the lands beyond the seas. 
As stated by the Secretary in the quoted portion of the last annual 
report of the department, this educational work "benefits not only 
the individual candidate for citizenship but the native-born citizens 
also, and reacts desirably upon the entire civic interests of the 
country." 

There are approximately 3,000 counties in the States throughout 
the entire country, including Alaska and Hawaii. In 2,136 coimties 



33 

the naturalization law is in active administrative operation, as shown 
by the State courts exercising naturalization jurisdiction therein. 
In all of the counties where the State courts are not exercising juris- 
diction the applicants resident therein apply to the appropriate 
district court of the United States. It probably is safe to assume, 
in view of the extension of the field from year to year, that naturali- 
zation may be conferred at some time upon residents in every county 
in the United States in which foreigners are found. From this it 
will be seen that the scope and influence of the naturalization law 
will be exerted in every city, village, town, cross roads hamlet, and 
rural and backwoods section in the United States. 

SOME RESULTS OF PATRIOTIC ENDEAVOR. 

Patriotic zeal, enthusiasm, and earnest endeavor characterized the 
spirit with which the public-school authorities undertook their part 
of this work and endeavored to secure the attendance upon the night 
classes of the candidates for citizenship whose names were sent to 
them by this bureau upon the individual cards. The files of the 
bureau contain many evidences of self-sacrifice on the part of the 
students and the teachers in this great national eilort toward the 
actual elevation of the standard of American citizenship, individual 
instances of which will be given in this report. In some cases patri- 
otic men and women carried on this work only with extreme physical 
suffering through exposure, especially in the great Northwest, where 
travel for miles in the face of the rigors of the winter months was 
necessary to meet the equally earnest and devoted men and women 
who came for this word of American ideals and life. 

Special reference should be made to the rural work carried on by 
teachers who undertook this work in response to the request- of the 
bureau. These teachers were obliged to travel, some of them on 
foot, for miles, one young lady walking 4 miles between her residence 
and the school in order to insure the instruction to the students in 
these out-of-the-way rural places. Such evidences of self-sacrifice 
in the uplift of others greatly increases the respect for those who 
so devote themselves to their profession. 

In Jamestown, N. Dak., no classes for adult foreigners existed in 
the public schools. In its campaign to secure widest cooperation per- 
sonal discussions were had from time to time by the bureau's exam- 
iners with the superintendent of schools and members of the board 
of education, commercial organizations, and individuals in that city. 
Their combined activities developed a strong local interest, with the 
result that a night class was formally established in the high-school 
building on February 21, 1916, with 20 students, notwithstanding 
the failure of any express provision in the laws of the State author- 
izing the use of State funds for the public schools in teaching adult 
foreigners. Because of this failure a small tuition was charged to 
cover the expenses. The night classes were held on four evenings a 
week. Individual effort was put forth by personal calls upon the 
foreign residents in securing increased attendance. So great was the 
interest aroused among the students that they prevailed upon the 
school authorities to add a fifth evening for the organization of an 
American social and recreational program. At this session the stu- 
dents, bringing in their friends and with their aid, participated in 



34 

the organization of a singing class at which American patriotic 
music was learned and sung, with piano and other instrumental 
accompaniment, and a general social hour ensuing. 

Conferences and correspondence carried on with the superintendent 
of schools at San Diego, Cal., had not resulted favorably. In that 
city it was well known to the bureau that, notwithstanding the large 
foreign population and the immensity of the city, no night schools 
were conducted for adult foreigners. Finally, on December 8, 1915, 
the bureau received a request for naturalization literature from the 
Oabrillo Commercial Club of that city, accompanied with the state- 
ment that the club intended to secure all possible information con- 
cerning naturalization to enable it to answer the inquiries which they 
were receiving. The bureau at once took advantage of this request 
to urge again most strongly the organization of citizenship classes 
for foreigners applying for naturalization. It directed its examiner 
located at Los Angeles to take up the matter at once with that com- 
mercial organization, the superintendent of schools, and all others 
whom he could interest. Through their combined efforts a school 
was organized in San Diego on February 1, 1916, in which an enroll- 
ment of 1,400 within two weeks was reported and of 1,700 in three 
weeks. The superintendent of schools assures the bureau of his belief 
that the night school is a permanent fixture and will be maintained 
for the same period as the day schools of that city. 

The work of the public schools with the adult foreigner in Eoslyn, 
Wash., was brought to the attention of the bureau early in September 
through the pronounced interest in this work by the superintendent 
of schools in that city. The cards of the bureau were sent to the 
superintendent on November 1, and his report shows that at the first 
session 134 were in attendance, the second night 161, the third night 
172, being 125 men and 47 women. The oldest of these students was 
shown to be 61 years of age and the youngest 15. Although Roslyn is 
a city of but 3,126 population, of which 1,556 are of foreign birth, 
there was an enrollment in the night class of 19 nationalities. An 
effective method pursued by the public schools in Roslyn is found in 
the contract which is required of each enrolling student. This con- 
tract calls for the payment of $4 on or before the completion of the 
school year to the board of directors of the school district by the stu- 
dent. A condition is inserted in the contract, however, to the effect 
that if the student attends the full term after entrance the obligation 
to pay the $4 ceases, but with the stipulation that he shall forfeit $1 for 
«ach month of nonattendance, except for siclaiess, after enrollment. 
The night term ran four months during the last year, making the 
contract equivalent to a deposit of $1 a month for those failing in 
regular attendance. The principal of the night school notifies each 
absentee on a form regularly prepared for this purpose in order to 
avoid the forfeiture. The record of attendance in these night classes 
and the enthusiasm and interest in this by the students as well as 
the teachers were of the highest order. The term closed with a ban- 
quet prepared and served by the students of the domestic-science 
department, followed by dancing, to 113 students, representing the 
following 18 nationalities: Austrian, German, Russian, Swedish, 
Ijithuanian, Welsh, Croatian, Bohemian, Slavonian, English, Monte- 
negrin, French, Italian, Polish, Irish, Scotch, Finnish, American. In 
addition to this a summer citizenship class was organized, with assur- 



35 

ances that the regular classes would open early in August. It is 
hoped that with the new year this instruction will be continuous 
throughout the year. 

This representation of nationalities is characteristic of what is to 
be found in many of these public schools. In addition to these have 
been found Servians, Bulgarians, Galicians, Danes, Norwegians, 
Greeks, Dutch, and many others, the city of Chicago reporting the 
existence of 49 different nationalities or languages being spoken 
within its corporate limits. 

As a result of the conferences of our examiners the superintendent 
of schools at Bessemer, Mich., in October, 1915, expressed assurances 
that if the bureau could arouse interest in the candidates for citizen- 
ship sufficiently to cause them to apply to him for the organization of 
these classes it would be only a short while until an organization was 
€ffected. This was followed by a presentation of the plan, with the 
result that shortly thereafter the superintendent reported that night 
classes had been organized after continued efforts on his part and had 
secured an enrollment of over 150. 

A letter was received early in January, 1916, from an organization 
of foreigners effected " for the purpose of helping foreigners to be- 
come citizens" at Gulf port, Miss., asking the aid of this bureau to 
establish a night school to teach English to the foreigners in that 
community. Shortly thereafter, at the direction of the bureau, a con- 
ference was called in Gulfport by the chief examiner of that district 
and great public interest was aroused. At the conference of the chief 
examiner, the mayor, superintendent of schools, and others it ap- 
peared that under the laws of the State of Mississippi the use of pub- 
lic funds for the education of adults was prohibited. Financial sup- 
port was secured, however, from private sources, and all of the teach- 
ers of the public schools of Gulfport were called together for the 
purpose of securing, if possible, two or three volunteers to carry on 
the work. Every teacher in the city schools responded to the call and 
all volunteered their services. Classes were organized at once, with 
an attendance of 39 on the opening night, 47 the second night, and 
67 the third night, with the prospect that every member of the entire 
adult foreign population who was in need of this kind of help would 
be enrolled. The report received in June discloses highly satisfactory 
results and the assurance that the classes would be again opened in 
the coming fall. 

Correspondence disclosed that there were no citizenship classes in 
the Clarksburg (W. Va.) public schools, and yet an interest was 
manifested. At a conference in November with the representative of 
the bureau it was ascertained that all funds had been expended or 
allotted for other educational purposes and that none remained to 
establish evening classes. Continued attention was given to this 
center, however, with the result that in January classes were reported 
to have been organized for three night sessions a week, with an en- 
rollment of 38. This was accomplished, notwithstanding the lack 
of funds, because of the strong demand that the school authorities 
had received. 

Correspondence was undertaken with Herrin, 111., in July, 1915, 
and the desire expressed on the part of the city superintendent of 
public schools to arrange evening classes for adults with the opening 
of the new school year, none having been organized there previously. 



36 

At the direction of the bureau the city was later visited by naturali- 
zation examiners and a great interest was disclosed on the part of the 
superintendent of schools. Considerable effort had been made already 
by the superintendent and others to arouse interest in the alien popu- 
lation, but without success. The citizenship candidates were listed 
by the naturalization officers, special letters to the candidates were 
prepared in the bureau, embracing the entire list of alien declarants 
covering several years. With the aid of the superintendent of schools, 
the clerk of the court, and the postmaster public meetings were held, 
the local newspapers giving unstinted support to these efforts, and a 
general public spirit followed. Personal calls with the superin- 
tendent of schools and the naturalization officers were planned by the 
bureau. The aid of leading representatives of several nationalities 
was secured and arrangements made for the appearance of examiners 
before the various foreign clubs and at the public meetings where 
the plans of the bureau in endeavoring to secure the opening of the 
public schools were made fully known. As a result of the first meet- 
ing a list of 38 foreigners desirous of attending public schools was 
made up. Because of the lack of funds the school board was unable 
to do more than donate the school building for the class, and, at the 
direct intervention of the officers of this service, five volunteer 
teachers were secured. At the opening of these classes the first night 
60 were in attendance, while this number grew to 115 by the third 
night. In response to an inquiry by the bureau of the superintendent 
he reported these schools as open in June and " will not close."^ The 
bureau has continued to cooperate with the school authorities at 
Herrin and expresses the deepest gratification that, notwithstanding 
the absence of funds regularly available for this purpose, the classes 
for adult foreigners were organized and were to be carried on 
throughout the summer through the devoted efforts of the unselfish, 
patriotic volunteer workers. 

In St. Paul, Minn., after persistent efforts on the part of the officers 
of this service, public sentiment was aroused among individuals and 
organizations to secure the opening of the public schools for the in 
struction of adult foreigners. Notwithstanding the lack of funds the 
persistent effort of those who came to the aid of the bureau in a 
series of public hearings before the mayor and other city officials 
caused the city finally to recognize the appeal of this bureau for the 
opening of the public schools for teaching the adult foreigner, make 
the necessary appropriation, and place the duty upon the commis- 
sioner of education of that city to open the schools in January, 1916. 
These schools were opened on January 3, with an attendance of about 
300. Among those who participated in the series of meetings held 
was the Women's Welfare League, Commercial Club, Association of 
Commerce, representatives of many church organizations, local uni- 
versities, and delegations from practically all of the women's clubs. 

On November 1, 1915, a public night school for foreigners was 
opened at Keyser, W. Va., under the exclusive control and authority 
of the public-school board, which was maintained and continued by 
the board until the end of May, 1916. Thirty-five students were 
enrolled. No money was available for the compensation of teachers, 
but the school board furnished the building, light, and heat and ob- 
tained volunteer teachers who worked under the supervision and 



37 

guidance of the superintendent of schools. Great interest was mani- 
fested by the students, while the teachers, in addition to class instruc- 
tion, did a considerable amount of social work among the foreign 
body. Eeports of the superintendent indicate that previously there 
never had been a class in Keyser, either of the public schools or of 
private character, for the education of the foreign-born residents of 
that place. The Women's Civic Club of Keyser was influential in 
creating and keeping alive public sentiment and assisted the public 
schools in getting the foreigners into the schools. The intention of 
the superintendent was to reopen the school the first week in Septem- 
ber, 1916, coincident with the opening of the day schools and to con- 
tinue it for a like period of time. 

These are only a few of the most conspicuous examples of the 
establishment and development of the night classes as the direct re- 
sult of the mutual interest and activities of the public schools, the 
public, and the Bureau of Naturalization. From these it will be seen 
that while there was a general spirit of cooperation prevailing 
throughout the entire country, there were places where almost insur- 
mountable difficulties appeared before the bureau in the prosecution 
of this patriotic work of making possible the elevation of the stand- 
ard of citizenship through the aid of the public schools and affording 
an opportunity to all those aliens who would become integral parts 
of our national life to become equipped for this high estate. The 
bureau sought the natural channels, the public-school system, the sys- 
tem supported by the various States of the Union, and by the union 
of this State governmental activity with the Federal administrative 
authority in the naturalization law it feels that in this short year in 
which these two forces have been linked together tremendous for- 
ward strides have been made in the unification of their efforts. By 
administrative action, therefore, there has been added the third ele- 
ment so absolutely essential to the best administration of this law — ■ 
the public schools — to the two forces — the executive and judicial — 
expressly provided by Congress — the executive to administer and 
supervise, the judicial to interpret and apply the law in given cases, 
and the public schools to train and equip. 

UNFAVORABLE LAWS. 

In several of the States laws prohibit the expenditure of public- 
school funds for the education of adults. It is urged that remedial 
State legislation deal appropriately with this condition. A lack of 
interest on the part of the school authorities has been found in but 
few places. The lack of funds is a general condition. Absence of 
sympathy on the part of the general public was seen to exist in many 
places, but invariably individual interest has been found. A lack of 
comprehension on the part of the foreigner of the personal benefits 
and advantages that would accrue to him from availing himself 
of these public-school facilities, lack of housing facilities for the 
schools, absence of an understanding of the subject matter, and lack 
of anything that offers a standard course of instruction prepared to 
meet all of the needs of these worthy elements of our population, 
were some of the unfavorable elements confronting the bureau in un- 
dertaking this Nation-wide movement. In some of these places it 
was found to be impossible to open the schools, notwithstanding the 



38 

manifestation of the best interest by the school authorities and their 
assurances that the classes would be formed at once. 

ANNUAL SCHOOL SESSIONS. 

Inquiries were sent to all the cities and towns late in June, 1916, 
and subsequently, to ascertain whether or not the evening schools 
for adult foreigners had closed or whether they would continue the 
course of instruction. Responses were received from 6 saying that 
the citizenship classes had not closed, but would continue in ses- 
sion. Seven other places showed only a short period of vacation, 
while in 11 others no evidence of discontinuance has been received. 
These places have been in constant cooperation with the bureau since 
that time and still are receiving the cards containing the names of 
the candidates for citizenship, and letters of invitation are sent to 
them to attend the public schools. 

Table XXV. — Cities reporting schools open the entire year, those showing only a short 
closing period, and those from whom no report showing discontinuance of sessions has 
been received. 



Schools open throughout the 
year. 


Schools holding continuous ses- 
sions and continuing to re- 
ceive cards and students 
throughout usual vacation 
period, as shown by records of 
the bureau. 


Schools closed for only a short time. 


Alameda, Cal. 
Santa Rosa, Cal. 
Rochester, N. Y. 
Bismarck, N. Dak. 
Cincinnati, Ohio. 
The Dalles, Oreg. 


Cohna, Cal. 
Santa Barbara, Cal. 
Gary, Ind. 
Arlington, Mass. 
Winger, Minn. 
Harrison N. J. 
Town of Union, N. J. 
Little Falls, N. Y. 
Memphis, Tenn. 
Lynchburg, Va. 
Grand Rapids, Wis. 


Berkeley,Cal., closed June 2- June 30. 
Oakland, Cal., closed June-July. ' 
San Rafael, Cal., closed June 2- 

Sept. 4. 
Herrin, Ul., 2 closed September. 
Lynn, Mass., closed Aug. 16-Sept.24. 
Roslyn, Wash.,3closed June 13-Oct. 

22. 
Racine, Wis., closed May 31 ; opened 

Aug. l.« 



1 Exact dates not given. 

2 Originally reported to remain, open. 

3 A 6-weeks' summer session for citizenship maintained but dates not reported. 
* Naturalization class was organized ; length of term not known. 



GOVEENMENT AID TO PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

As heretofore stated, the need for a standard course of instruction 
in citizenship responsibilities to be adopted by the public schools 
throughout the United States has been emphasized repeatedly to the 
bureau, and a great number of calls have been received for the prepa- 
ration of such a standard course. The bureau does not undertake to 
enter the j&eld of authorship in the preparation of such a textbook, but 
does undertake to act as a clearing house of methods in the instruc- 
tion of the foreigner in citizenship responsibilities. It does so within 
its lawful authority, as conferred upon it by Congress and recognized 
by the department in the quotation made from the Department Regu- 
lations. 

Realizing this to be a fact, and in response to a generally expressed 
demand throughout the country for Government aid in this work of 
preparing the coming Americans for their new responsibilities, the 
bureau desires to complete the textbook and manual referred to from 



39 

the material contributed by the public-school officers and teachers en- 
gaged in the work of instructing the adult alien and to place it, 
free of cost, m the hands of each candidate for citizenship who will 
attend the public schools. There is no necessity for copies to be 
given to those candidates for citizenship who are adequately equipped 
to assume its responsibilities. To make this possible it desires to 
make use only of the surplus of $420,282.18 in naturalization fees 
remammg in the Treasury after all cost of administration has been 
charged agamst the total of $2,907,820.45 received from the individual 
applicants for citizenship. 

There has been turned in to the Treasury of the United States a 
surplus, over all cost for the administration of the naturalization 
law by the Federal Government, amounting to $420,282.18 in naturali- 
zation fees since the passage of the act of 1906 to the end of the 
fiscal year under review. The citizen taxpayer is at no expense for 
this Federal administration. It is all borne by the individual fees 
collected from those aliens who declare their intention and file their 
petitions for naturalization, whether they be admitted to citizenship 
finally or denied admission. During the last seven fiscal years an 
average of over $65,000 a year above all administrative costs has 
been collected from the alien friends who have declared their inten- 
tion and filed their petitions to become citizens of the United States. 
This annual surplus can not be prevented by a reduction in the 
amount of the naturalization fees, as the per capita average is in 
the neighborhood of only 20 cents. It never was intended that this 
law should be a revenue-producing measure. 

The bureau desires, therefore, to have the expense of printing and 
publishing this textbook met from the excess in naturalization fees 
heretofore accrued and annually accruing. It desires to have au- 
thority from Congress to have so much of the printing and binding 
appropriation of this department as may be used in printing these 
booklets reimljursed on the books of the Treasury Department from 
the excess of naturalization fees which has been deposited by law in 
the Treasury of the United States by the department. Such a re- 
imbursement should be made upon statements submitted by the Com- 
missioner of Naturalization to the Treasury Department in company 
with the quarterly statements of naturalization fees deposited which 
he transmits to the Auditor of the State and Other Departments. 

It is believed the cost of the production of these pamphlets when 
distributed will not equal the surplus in naturalization fees annually 
accruing over the amount of money Congress appropriates specifically 
for this bureau or the per capita limit referred to in the individual 
naturalization fees as prescribed by law. 

This book very well might be furnished gratis to each student in 
these classes. Indeed, it should be. This statement is made with- 
out reserve. For generations this Nation has faced the immigrant 
problem and done not the first thing nationally to help this body do 
what it most desires to do — to become Americanized, to be able to 
fraternize with their fellows of native American birth, to be able 
to advance their individual welfare in any extent comparable with 
the great opportunity so prodigally extended on every hand. The 
Nation simply has opened its doors to the foreign seeker after liberty 
and opportunity and left him to his own resources unaided and 
handicapped by every oppressing influence of his former environ- 



40 

ment. He can not throw them off unaided. He lives and dies under 
the thralldom of these influences. His children, if they be fortunate, 
may emancipate themselves, but emancipation may be achieved only 
by his children's children. The great bar to his disenthrallment is his 
inability to speak our tongue. It would be rendering the slightest 
service possible to give to each student in the various classes, whether 
a candidate for citizenship or not, one copy of this textbook without 
any cost to him. Such an act as this on the part of the United States 
Government would at once stimulate interest among the millions in 
the foreign colonies of our urban centers, cause a largely increased 
number of foreigners to enroll themselves in these schools by awaken- 
ing the dormant minds of those who do not grasp the purpose of 
our public-school system — an institution absolutely strange and for- 
eign to them. Viewed from the standpoint of the national weal this 
textbook should be made available for every one of the 1,650,000 
illiterate foreigners within our boundaries. It is the first attempt 
on the part of the public schools in concert with the Federal Gov- 
ernment toward establishing a standard course in the highest of all 
callings — the profession of self-government. The individual cost 
of probably less than 25 cents to the Government would be more than 
offset within the first year, so far as the monetary side of the ques- 
tion is concerned, by the increased receipts of naturalization fees. 
The other, the greater and broader side, is found in the increased 
intelligence in this vast body of our residents, the breaking up of 
the foreign groupings, of the foreign influences, whose hold is upon 
them with an absolutism as complete and dominant as though they 
resided within the territory of their nativity and monarchical alle- 
giance, and their transformation under the Americanizing influence 
of that heart and spirit of American patriotism found in its greatest 
purity in the American public schools. No other educational insti- 
tution can offer with the same singleness of purpose the real spirit 
of our institutions as do our American public schools. 

COOPEEATION SECURED WITHOUT ADDITIONAL APPKOPKIATIONS. 

This extensive cooperative work between the public schools of this 
country and the bureau has been brought to its present state of effi- 
ciency and maturity without obtaining any increase in the personnel 
of the bureau for this purpose. This could not have been possible 
of accoinplishment but for the fact that the bureau never has held 
arbitrarily to the modern office system which it installed 10 years ago. 
This system, organized in 1906, was based upon the card index to 
the files of the bureau. Such a system even at this day is generally 
held to be the foundation to the perfect office organization. The 
bureau, however, made a radical departure from the card-index 
method and demonstrated that it has the means of conducting its 
gigantic file system without the necessity for such a resort. By elim- 
inating all card indexing it has avoided the use of the services of 
from six to eight clerks upon this feature of office organization and 
made them available for its educational work. In addition to this 
accomplishment from the elimination referred to there has been a 
saving of time to other clerks, so that the aggregate saving has 
^ equaled the time of 12.48 clerks to the bureau, and their energies have 
been devoted to sustaining this national cooperative work with the 



41 

public schools. By this great economical achievement the coopera- 
tion of the public schools in 608 cities and towns throughout the 
country in this great national educational undertaking has been made 
possible. 

At the time this work was originally proposed the entire world was 
at peace and unconscious of the imminence of the great European 
war. The question of preparedness which is now under discussion 
throughout the entire Nation appears to be consequent upon the 
European war situation. This great educational work, however, con- 
ceived and planned as it was before this great international conflagra- 
tion, represents the initial work of the Federal Government in what 
has grown to be a great national undertaking in every walk of life. 
Before the country was aroused to this question the bureau had car- 
ried its plans well on their way toward this most fundamental work 
of preparedness — the preparation of the new citizenship of the coun- 
try for the responsibilities of self-government. It was only by giv- 
ing the most meager attention to the necessities of the other branches 
of the work of the bureau that the ever-increasing demands upon it 
by the public schools could be met. A great state of congestion exists 
as a direct consequence of this, and a request has been submitted in 
the estimates to the department for an increase of 9 in the personnel. 
The bureau has every assurance from 765 cities and towns that the 
schools will be opened for the adult foreigner in the new school year 
commencing in the fall of 1916. This will mean the addition of 157 
cities and towns to the list of cities whose schools have responded to 
the appeal of the bureau for cooperation in this broad patriotic work. 
This number undoubtedly will be increased as the year passes, and 
reports indicate that the number of cities and towns will approximate 
1,000 or more. 

APPEOPEIATIONS NEEDED TO PERPETUATE PBEPAEEDNESS. 

In its estimates for the new year the bureau asks a further increase 
of $30,000 for the salaries and expenses of its field traveling force. 
The amount of increase represented in the estimates for the positions 
in the bureau in Washington is $14,450. This makes an increase of 
$44,450, the greater portion of which is to be devoted to carrying on 
this great national educational w^rk, which has flourished so suc- 
cessfully during the past year between the public schools and this 
bureau without any additional cost to the Government. The amount 
asked is the minimum with which the bureau can expect to carry on 
its work and without it there must be a failure at a time when com- 
plete success seems assured. 

Congress makes two specific appropriations for the administration 
of the naturalization law. One is for the personnel of the bureau in 
Washington and the other for miscellaneous expenses from which 
the field force is maintained. The former amounted last year to 
$86,210 and the latter to $275,000, an aggregate of $361,210. The 
naturalization fees collected during the year under review amounted 
to $410,272.55, leaving a surplus of $49,062.55 for that year, or a sur- 
plus of $4,612.55 more than the total increase in the appropriations 
which have been requested for next year. This increase in personnel 
is asked for the year 1918, and prior to its availability and expendi- 
ture there will have been several hundreds of thousands of dollars 



42 

collected and deposited additional to the aggregate of $2,907,820.45 
and correspondingly enlarge the $420,282.18 surplus already in the 
Treasury. 

To those in the Bureau of Naturalization immediately connected 
with this work no reason can be seen, therefore, why all of this in- 
crease should hot be allowed. It is believed that this also expresses 
the convictions of those judges, educators, and business and commer- 
cial organizations with whom the bureau's representatives have dis- 
cussed its work. 

The bureau also feels that there should be an estimate submitted 
to Congress for adding this personnel to its force through the means 
of a deficiency appropriation, so that the increase may be availed of 
during the coming winter months. • 

HELPING HAND EXTENDED TO THE IMMIGRANT BY GOVERNMENT. 

A reference to the causes of denials of petitions for naturalization 
will show that 1,336 were denied because of ignorance of American 
institutions during the past year, while 1,486 suffered from the same 
cause in the year before. The bureau hopes that with the extension 
of this educational movement and awakening of the interest of the 
public a greater understanding of the facilities for entering these 
foreign classes may be brought to the attention of the millions of 
illiterates among the resident foreign body, so that they may be in- 
duced to avail themselves of this opportunity. To many of them 
this opportunity is unknown, unappreciated, uncomprehended, hav- 
ing been prohibited in the countries of their nativity, and here is 
viewed with suspicion bred of generations of oppression by govern- 
ment. The public schools understand most clearly that there are 
millions of illiterate foreigners in this land who will avail them- 
selves of the advantages of the public schools only when they are en- 
abled to understand that such advantages may be obtained by them. 
For the Government to extend a helping hand to these illiterates is 
something beyond their mental vision, totally strange to their mode 
of thought and to the life they have led and the environments by 
which they have been surrounded in other lands. Unfortunately the 
same environments have been brought into this country along with 
these millions of illiterates, and their very combined presence 
strengthens the hold of these foreign institutions upon the immi- 
grants, preventing them from hearing anything that has a real influ- 
ence upon them to profit by these public-school facilities. They are 
the victims of their own nationals, and unfortunately also of equally 
unscrupulous American citizens, who capitalize this ignorance to their 
own selfish ends, that the permanency of this lucrative field may not 
only be assured and perpetuated but if possible extended. These are 
conditions well known to all who are familiar with the life of the for- 
eign colonies found in all of our cities, and until they are overcome 
these millions of unfortunate illiterates will continue in this state of 
bondage. The Bureau of Naturalization has endeavored through the 
agency of the mails to go into these colonized centers every month 
with letters personally addressed to the residents therein who have 
spoken for American citizenship. During the past year 207,584 ap- 
peals were sent to the declarants and their wives and the petitioners 
and their wives. The wife of each petitioner was appealed to; but 



43 

only a small number of the wives of declarants could be reached in 
this way, because of the failure of the declaration of intention to con- 
tain any reference to the name of the wife. With the approval of 
the department, the bureau amended the declaration to include 
this information. In all, 163,000 letters were addressed person- 
ally to the alien declarants and petitioners and 44,014 to the wives. 
Not only by this agency of the mails were the candidates sought, but 
by personal interviews of its examiners hundreds of thousands of 
appeals have also gone forth to reach down into the very heart of 
these foreign forces and to bring out from their midst all who might 
be prevailed upon to enter these night classes for adult foreigners. 
A greater local interest must be manifested, however, a more poten- 
tial spirit aroused, and numbers must come forth to volunteer their 
aid in extending this Americanizing influence to these foreign groups 
if America and the influence for humanity which it typifies is not, in 
all but name, to continue to be shut out and excluded from these alien 
centers. 

INDUSTEIAL BETTERMENT. 

One of the many gratifying reactions from this national coopera- 
tive undertaking has been observed in the racial organizations and 
manufacturers. The former are bending every possible effort to 
secure the presence of their members in the night classes. Manufac- 
turers in every part of the country also have lent their aid to this 
end and toward facilitating the alien employee Avho desires to 
file his naturalization papers. Numbers of manufacturers are per- 
mitting their employees to attend the courthouse to file their declara- 
tions of intention and petitions for naturalization, accompanied by 
their witnesses, without deducting pay for the time absent from work 
for these purposes. Many other manufacturers, clearly perceiving 
the industrial advantage to themselves and their employees, not only 
do this but also pay their employees for the time they are in attend- 
ance upon these night classes. 

These last two manifestations of the timeliness of this unified 
action in giving this movement their material and financial support 
are among the most encouraging results that have been found, and 
reflect strongly the public sentiment which is supporting these two 
governmental agencies throughout the United States. 

The bureau urges upon all organizations, especially those repre- 
senting foreign nationalities, and as well the distinctly American 
organizations, the necessity of enlisting vigorously in this work of 
national betterment. 

LOYALTY OF RESIDENT ALIEN BODY TO OUR GOVERNMENT. 

The responses of the aliens to the letters addressed to them by the 
bureau disclosed an inherent condition of loyalty of mind, devo- 
tion and attachment to this Government Avhich in itself made the 
whole enterprise worth while. 

All of the recipients of the letters from the bureau did not stand 
in need of the aid which the public schools are now ready and anxious 
to afford them. The bureau, however, has no means by which it 
can distinguish between those who are equipped and those not 



44 

equipped. In the history of the administration of the naturalization 
law there have been many educated candidates denied and deferred 
because they were found to be ignorant of our governmental insti- 
tutions. From this it is clear that instruction relating to our insti- 
tutions of government may be required by one otherwise well in- 
formed. The bureau adopted at the outset the uniform policy of 
sending a letter to each citizenship candidate. It realized that the 
educated foreigner, upon receipt of this letter, would comprehend its 
true purpose and that the letter would carry no oflfense to such per- 
sons. That this conclusion was justified is shown by the fact that 
less than a score of letters indicating any irritation were received 
from the hundreds of thousands of applicants to whom they were 
mailed. Contrasted with this is the large number from educated 
aliens who expressed themselves in every way upon this work as 
being of the highest patriotic order, although showing that the need 
was not theirs for the education offered by the night classes. Some 
quotations are made here from the letters received. 
From a clergyman : 

I consider it my moral duty to thank you most respectfully for your kind 
advice you offered me in your esteemed letter in relation to becoming a citizen 
of this country. I think it pertinent of me to inform you of the fact that by 
the grace of God I amply prepared myself for the supreme responsibility of 
becoming a citizen of this free and glorious country, first, by passing the New 
York State regent's examination, receiving a diploma in the year 1909 for 62^ 
academic points, equivalent to a high-school course. Among the subjects that 
I studied were included English and American history, advanced, together with 
civics, so that I am now thoroughly acquainted with the form of government 
of this noble land. After a final review of this ConstitutBn* I am ready to 
appear at any time for a final examination to receive my citizenship papers. 
I wish to say that I have studied law for a year as a junior in a New York 
university. I continue to study law as a student of the La Salle Extension 
University Law Faculty. 

From a student : 

I received your kind letter, and I thank you very much for what you have 
done for me. May God recompense you and bless you throughout your life. I 
let you know that I am already attending college, and I expect to complete my 
college course this coming June. I am well acquainted with the laws, Consti- 
tution, and customs of this country, which I love with my whole heart 

From a newspaper editor : ^ 

My wife and I beg to acknowledge the receipt of youWiircuiar letters of the 
11th instant, and we wish to express our sincerest thanks for the real paternal 
advice contained therein. • / 

It was very pleasant for me to ^ that your bureau takes so much interest 
in our future citizens, and I only lifi«that^J| future citizens try to follow your 
advice, to their own advantage anoiol the^Befit of good citizenship. 

It may probably interest you to know^^^^W both my wife and I are nearly 
real Americans. My wife is a gradujj^^P^e American public schools and a 
former student of the University of^^^nnd, while I am a graduate of the 
" English Board School " in Londoi^^^^fcave also attended several higher 
schools in England and also in this <^<!|^H^ 

From a student in a won^Aa's CQUegi : 

Your letter of March 1, add^Bed to me as a future citizen of the United 
States, advising me to attend mgnt school in order to make me a better-paid 
American worker reached me to-day and gave me the first intimation in the 16 
years I have been here that Uncle Sam has anything more than a passive inter- 
est in the hordes that flock to his shores. The letter, however belated it be,* is 
^y el come. 



H 



45 



From two business men 



Please accept ray thanks for your very interesting letter of February 17, rela- 
tive to my declaration to become an American citizen. 

It is indeed gratifying to know that you want to help me to a better-paying 
position. Last year I paid income tax on $4,000. I expect to earn $5,000 the 
coming year ; and while this would seem a fair average salary I would welcome 
any suggestion you might make to increase it. 

I am afraid the superintendent of public schools, whom you advised of my 
condition, will not find me receptive to his efforts at education. I have studied 
at various technical schools and a university in England and in this country, 
so night school in one of the schools would be rather tiresome. 

I have really been an American at heart since I first came here in the early 
nineties. My four children are Americans born — one eligible for the Presidency or 
the Bureau of Naturalization. I think that letter of yours was fine in spirit, and 
will make a foreigner feel that Uncle Sam, that warm-hearted, simple, blunder- 
ing old protector of the weak, is very near to them. 

He will be to them their Uncle Sam. 

With the kindest regards, believe me. 

Because I deeply appreciate the inclosed letters to my wife and myself, be- 
cause I realize the vast amount of good they will accomplish to make our foreign 
element better citizens, my first impulse is to write you this letter. Without a 
doubt no one can appreciate more the opportunities for education than one of 
foreign birth, one born in a country whose government does not only discourage 
education but sees to it that the great majority of its subjects are kept in 
ignorance.. 

I am 24 years of age. Came to America in February, 1906. Graduated 
grammar school No. 93, Baltimore, Md., February, 1909. Graduated from busi- 
ness college in 1909. Came to Philadelphia May, 1910. Attended Southern 
evening high school two seasons. 

My wife came to New York in May, 1908; graduated from public school No. 
171, New York, in June, 1910, with " Gold medal for general excellence," and 
was bookkeeper for three years. 

From a physician : 

Yours of October 11 at hand, and I wish to say that I have already taken 
advantage of the excellent opportunities the schools afford in this great coun- 
try. My wife, who is of an old American family, has also had that opportunity. 
In behalf of all foreigners, but particularly my country people (Norway), I 
wish to thank you for the very commendable means by which this country 
assists them in becoming good, useful citizens. 

The following are from men and women and contain expressions 
of their deep appreciation of the interest manifested in the alien 
population by the Government of the United States : 

I do not know how to thank you, indeed, for the great favor you mad^ me 
by your kind letter October 22, showing me how to prepare myself for the citi- 
zenship and to get a better position. I had spent three months trying to attend 
the courses I need in the public schools, but my inefficiency in English with the 
programs was an insuperable obstacle to my admission. As soon as I received 
your esteemed I went and showed it to Mr. Anthony, subprincipal of the Tenth 
Avenue and Fifty-ninth Street high schools. He did his best to arrange my 
program and gave me all the courses I asked him, with such a kindness and good 
will that I shall never forget. Thanking you again for your high protection and 
hoping that I will be able to serve my new country as I wish, I remain, dear sir. 

I am in receipt of your favor of the 17th of November, in which you are kind 
enough to point out a few of the advantages to be derived by being an American 
citizen. You also ask me to go to a neighborhood school where I can get such 
instruction so as to enable me to become American in deed and thought. 

I wish to thank you for your interest in my welfare, and, in regard to the 
schooling which you suggest, would inform you that I hardly think it necessary 
in my case. 



46 

I am almost 12 years in this country, and during that time have learned to 
appreciate very highly the United States and its Government. 

My highest ideal is to become an American in every sense of the word, and 
to that ideal I am gradually vs'^orking my way, reading United States history, 
and learning about the Government. 

I have also married a girl born in the United States and have a son born 
here, who are both teaching me how to become an American in heart and mind 
more than any school can. My wife has a college education. 

Thanking you for your kindness, I am, 

I do gratefully reply to your letter to be so kindly accepted a citizen our 
great Republic. I'll start to improve myself; not simply to improve material 
conditions, but to add myself to those are useful, as little as my ability may 
help. You don't realize the uplifting I felt. Thanks to your assistance, it will 
be no fault of mine if I don't succeed. 

Your letter of October 30 received relative to naturalization, and I beg to 
state that I will follow out your instructions very carefully, and go to the 
public schools. I will appreciate very much, indeed, the honor of being an 
American citizen, and my slogan will be America first, last, and all the time, 
and I consider it a great blessing to live in this God-favored country with its 
great institutions. 

I am working for my living since 14 years a boy, for very small money and 
long hours. So you advise very good and kind to me ; I never heard before that 
some one would have had said that there's a chance to get more money or better 
job. 

Yesterday I received your circulation letter from March 3, and I am glad to 
be able to answer in English for the kind attention of the officers of the United 
States. When I came to the United States the first thing I did I went to the 
public school. It is now passed two months and a half my being here and I am 
very glad to show you the result of my learning English in our Pacific school. 
My teachers and principal of our school, as well as all people relative to the 
education, try to do to us the best they can. It was hard work to teach a 
foreigner who understood no word in English. In this way I hope fast to learn 
the English and to know all that is necessary for a good American citizen. 

Myself I desire to be honored to become American citizen, and I am very 
respectful to the Government of the United States in giving education to 
everybody who lives in our country, 

I received it, your letter, and was glad that you give some people a chance to 
live in a country that we are not afraid. As I have got my first papers, I want 
to get my full papers ; if you will send me one book to let me know how to get 
my second paper I will be glad for the United States flag. 

EENEWED OPPOETUNITY FOE ALIEN FRIENDS. 

This cooperation between the public schools and the bureau means 
the extension to the alien friend of the helping hand and a Nation- 
wide movement going into the colonized groups of foreign-born 
residents with the direct purpose on the part of the Federal Govern- 
ment of carrjdng into these centers that greatest of all American 
boons — opportunity; the opportunity to realize the ideals which 
inspired the alien to leave the countrjT^ of his nativity and cast his 
lot among us ; the opportunity to secure his position in society upon 
a higher plane; the opportunity to obtain a better job for himself 
and advance the interests and welfare of his family ; the opportunity 
for them to be placed in the atmosphere of that greatest of all 
Americanizing influences — the American public school — and there 
to have implanted in their hearts and souls the true spirit of our 
institutions of government, for which every candidate for citizen- 
ship has a high and sacred ambition. 



47 

From this it should be seen thcat the old order of things in nat- 
uralization has completely ceased to exist as even tolerable. The 
time has passed when the alien could secure the title to American 
citizenship whether he wanted it or not and at the behest of the 
politician whose sole purpose was to make him available for the one 
act on election day. This order has been succeeded by aji observance 
of the law by the courts with as much thoroughness as conditions 
have permitted, so that about 25 per cent of the admissions to citi- 
zenship are fully justified. The other 75 per cent have now been 
brought to the attention of the public schools. The schools have 
seen their opportunity to inaugurate a fundamental course of in- 
struction in citizenship, patriotism, governmental institutions, self- 
government, and all that pertains to our institutions and to carry on 
this work in that most productive field of labor which is to be found 
in this Nation — the alien adult population. The phenomenal prog- 
ress that has been made during the past year justifies the prediction 
that the public schools in every community where the alien friend 
is to be found will open their doors for his instruction and make this 
work of citizenship preparation a hundred per cent reality through- 
out the entire country. 

The brightest and most encouraging phase of this work has been 
found in the ready response of the Chief Executive of the Nation to 
lend the presence of his office in honor of this function of the bureau. 
The first occasion, as mentioned, was the Philadelphia reception; the 
second was at the citizenship convention held in the city of Washing- 
ton during the week of July 10, 1916, Raymond F. Crist, Deputy 
Commissioner of Naturalization, presiding, of which the followin"' 
is the official program: 

CITIZENSHIP CONVENTION. 

Monday, July JO.— Address, " Welcome to the City," Hon. Oliver P. Newman, 
Commissioner of the District of Columbia ; "Americanism," Hon. Louis F. Post! 
Assistant Secretary of Labor ; address of welcome, Ernest L. Thurston, superin- 
tendent of schools, Washington, D. C. ; " Evening schools for foreigners in the 
Northwest," Robert S. Coleman, chief naturalization examiner, St. Paul, Minn. ; 
"The public schools in the Philippines and Hawaii" (illustrated), Hon. Clar- 
ence B. Miller, Representative in Congress. 

Tuesday, July Ji.— Address, Hon. Josephus Daniels, Secretary of the Navy; 
" The schools of the United States Army," Lieut. E. Z. Steever, United States 
Army ; address, Samuel Gompers, president of American Federation of Labor ; 
"Americanizing a community" (illustrated), J. Henri Wagner, chief clerk 
Bureau of Naturalization ; " Rural night schools for aliens in northern Minne- 
sota," E. A. Freeman, district superintendent of schools. Grand Rapids, Minn. ; 
" Preparation for American citizenship and life," Hon. Philander P. Claxton', 
Commissioner United States Bureau of Education. 

Wednesday, July 12. — "Methods of reaching and teaching illiterates," Mrs 
Cora Wilson Stewart, president of Kentucky Illiteracy Commission, Frankfort 
Ky. ; " Outdoor school work in Tacoma, Wash." (illustrated), Hon. Albert John- 
son, Representative in Congress; discussion of textbooks by the convention- 
"An American in the making" (illustrated). ' 

Thursday, July iS.— Selection, the Marine Band; "Civic preparedness and 
Americanization," .1. M. Berkey, director of special schools and extension work 




igrant ... 

America" (illustrated) ; "What Portland, Oreg., is doing to Americanize for- 
eigners," L. R. Alderman, superintendent of schools, Portland, Oreg. ; address 
Hon. William B. Wilson, Secretary of Labor. ' 



48 

Friday, July i^.— Address, Hon. Frederick L. Siddons, associate justice of the 
Supreme Court of the District of Columbia : " The man he might have been " 
(illustrated) ; "What Boston is doing in immigrant education," M. J. Downey, 
assistant director evening and continuation schools, Boston, Mass. ; " The busi- 
ness man's point of view," I. Walton Schmidt, Industrial Welfare Department, 
Board of Commerce, Detroit, Mich. ; " The Industrial plan of education in Wis- 
consin," Andrew H. Melville, member State conference board on industrial edu- 
cation and chief of the bureau of civic, commercial, and community develop- 
ment, University of Wisconsin Extension Division; "A resume," Raymond F. 
Crist, Deputy Commissioner of Naturalization. 

Saturday, July 15. — Miscellaneous. 

This convention was the first of its kind ever held in the United 
States and was attended by a number of representative public-school 
superintendents, principals, and teachers from various parts of the 
country. These members came from the cities and towns where the 
public schools are in cooperation with the Bureau of Naturalization 
in the preparation for citizenship of the candidates for that estate by 
naturalization. The convention was participated in also by Govern- 
ment officials representing the legislative, executive, and judicial 
branches of the Government and the staff of field officers of the 
Bureau of Naturalization, by whom speeches and addresses were 
made. At the opening of the convention, after referring to the 
initiation of this work as taking place since the organization of the 
Department of Labor and as one of its activities, the presiding officer 
stated the twofold object of the convention to be to consider the prob- 
lems and advancement during the past year in the education of the 
candidate for citizenship by the public schools and to discuss the 
textbook for each candidate for citizenship who enters the public 
schools which the bureau has in course of preparation, in direct re- 
sponse to the calls upon it from the public schools of the country and 
the many organizations interested in the Americanization work of 
these two governmental agencies. Space does not admit in this 
report setting forth the speeches, as they are to be printed in their 
entirety. It is most fitting, however, to give the following quotation 
from the forceful address of the President : 

It is not fair to the great multitudes of hopeful men and women who press 
into this country from other countries that we should leave them without 
that friendly and intimate instruction which will enable them very soon after 
they come to find out what America is like at heart and what America is in- 
tended for among the nations of the world. I believe that the chief school 
that these people must attend after they get here is the school which all of 
us attend, which is furnished by the life of the communities in which we live 
and the Nation to which we belong. 

It is easy, my fellow citizens, to communicate physical lessons, but it is very 
difficult to communicate spiritual lessons. America was intended to be a 
spirit among the nations of the world, and it is the purpose of conferences 
like this to find out the best way to introduce the newcomers to this spirit, 
and by that very interest in them to enhance and purify in ourselves the thing 
that ought to make America great, and not only ought to make her great, but 
ought to make her exhibit a spirit unlike any other nation in the world. 

So my interest in this movement is as much an interest in ourselves as in 
those whom we are trying to Americanize, because if we are genuine Ameri- 
cans they can not avoid the infection ; whereas if we are not genuine Americans 
there will be nothing to infect them with, and no amount of teaching, no amount 
of exposition of the Constitution — which I find very few persons understand it — 
no amount of dwelling upon the idea of liberty and of justice will accomplish 
the object we have in view, unless we ourselves illustrate the idea of justice and 
of liberty. 

This was the crowning event of the year and of the two and one- 
half years of preparation leading to the achievement of the unifica- 



49 

tion of the State public schools with the Federal Government. It 
is hoped that this citizenship convention may be the first of a 
series where annually the feast of reason may be partaken with profit 
by an increasing number and mark a steady annual development 
toward the national standardization of the subject matter and method 
of instruction, the broadening of the potentiality of effort, a draw- 
ing closer together of the candidates for citizenship with the pros- 
pective candidates for citizenship and the public schools of the 
country in this Nation-wide Americanizing undertaking. Out of 
this closer contact the bureau entertains the great hope that the doors 
of the public schoolhouses will be maintained open throughout the 
year for the instruction of these millions, as it either must furnish 
their names monthly to the public schools with unfailing regularity 
or see many thousands denied during the period when the school- 
houses are closed. None should be denied this opportunity, but all, 
regardless of age, should be induced to undertake the course of in- 
struction leading at least to the ability to speak in our tongue. Re- 
gardless of age illiterates in their own tongue and with no knowl- 
edge of ours, though upwards of 50 years of age, both men and 
women, have, within the short period of a twelve-month, been 
equipped with a creditable mastery of American English through the 
educational agencies which this country affords. 

APPBECIATION. 

The bureau desires to extend its heartiest thanks and appreciation 
to the many organizations which have lent such unselfish, unstinted, 
and patriotic aid in the various localities in implanting this national 
work of elevating the standard of citizenship. The local press in 
every community appeared to perceive the great advantages of this 
governmental aid to their public schools, as shown by the most lib- 
eral attention in their columns given to the opening of these schools 
and to the patriotic favorable editorial notices of the subject from 
time to time. Unquestionably the daily and weekly periodicals had 
much to do with arousing a wide interest in their communities and 
throughout the territory of their circulation. Especial praise is 
extended to the newspapers of the smaller cities and towns and the 
more rural communities. The metropolitan press was no less pro- 
nounced in its support, but in these centers of population its influ- 
ence was not so readily discernible. The field officers of the bureau 
and the personnel in the bureau engaged in this work have prose- 
cuted it with an interest and enthusiasm which insures complete 
ultimate success. By all of these participating in this work of hu- 
manity, as they have for years, the necessity for this instruction of 
our prospective citizens was most pronouncedly felt. It has been 
only through their persistent, loyal, intelligent, and patriotic efforts 
that this great Americanizing force, once perceived, was made possi- 
ble of being set into motion and being brought to a definite reality. 
By their personal contact and correspondence with the public they 
have started up interest on the part of the school authorities, com- 
mercial organizations, the press, churches, the resident alien body, 
and the native citizenry to such an extent that the highest achieve- 
ments possible have crowned their efforts during this one brief year 
of combined effort. 



50 

The greatest evidences of unselfish patriotism have been demon- 
strated by tliose primarily interested in the educational organizations 
of a private nature in the relinquishment of their desires to engage, 
or to continue to engage, in pursuit of this work independently of 
the public schools. In one of the most active, of these organizations 
expressions have been made by those immediately engaged in citizen- 
ship instruction of a willingness not only to see the work taken over 
entirely by the public schools but to lend their aid to its accom- 
plishment. 

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